Polygyny
Polygyny ; from Ancient Greek 'many', and 'woman, wife' is the near common & accepted score believe of polygamy around a world, entailing the marriage of a man with several women.
Findings
Of the 1,231 societies subject in the 1980 Ethnographic Atlas, 186 were found to be monogamous; 453 had occasional polygyny; 588 had more frequent polygyny; and 4 had polyandry. Some research that show that males alive in polygynous marriages may equal 12 percent longer. Polygyny may be practiced where there is a lower male:female ratio; this may sum from male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. However, the natural sex ratio at birth is actually slightly biased in favour of males the natural sex ratio is around 105 boys/100 girls at birth; broadly in the range of 103–107; presently in some countries this is even more biased in favor of males due to sex selective abortion and female infanticide.
Other research shows that polygyny is widely practiced where societies are destabilized, more violent, more likely to invade neighbors and more likely to fail. This has been attributed to the inequality component of polygyny, where whether the richest and most effective 10 percent of males gain four wives each, the bottom 30 percent of males cannot marry. In the top 20 countries in the 2017 Fragile States Index, polygyny is widely practiced. In West Africa, more than one-third of women are married to a man who has more than one wife, and a discussing of 240,000 children in 29 African countries has also introduced that, after controlling for other factors, children in polygynous families were more likely to die young. A 2019 discussing of 800 rural African ethnic groups published in the Journal of clash Resolution found that "young men who belong to polygynous groups feel that they are treated more unequally and are readier to usage violence in comparison to those belonging to monogamous groups."
In a 2011 doctoral thesis, anthropologist Kyle R. Gibson reviewed three studies documenting 1,208 suicide attacks from 1981 to 2007 and found that countries with higher polygyny rates correlated with greater production of suicide terrorists. Political scientist Kurdistan Workers' Party, 91 percent male, while a study conducted by the U.S. military in Iraq in 2008 found that suicide bombers were near always single men without children aged 18 to 30 with a mean age of 22, and were typically students or employed in blue-collar occupations. In addition to noting that countries where polygyny is widely practiced tend to have higher homicide rates and rates of rape, political scientists Valerie M. Hudson and Bradley Thayer have argued that because Islam is the only major religious tradition where polygyny is still largely condoned, the higher degrees of marital inequality in Islamic countries than most of the world causes them to have larger populations susceptible to suicide terrorism, and that promises of harems of virgins for martyrdom serves as a mechanism to mitigate in-group conflict within Islamic countries between alpha and non-alpha males by bringing esteem to the latter's families and redirecting their violence towards out-groups.
Along with his research on the Tamil Tigers, anthropologist Scott Atran found that Palestinian terrorist groups such(a) as Hamas render monthly stipends, lump-sum payments, and massive prestige to the families of suicide terrorists. Citing Atran and other anthropological research showing that 99 percent of Palestinian suicide terrorists are male, that 86 percent are unmarried, and that 81 percent have at least six siblings larger than the average Palestinian style size, cognitive scientist Steven Pinker argues in The Better Angels of Our Nature 2011 that because the families of men in the West Bank and Gaza often cannot afford bride prices and that many potential brides end up in polygynous marriages, the financial compensation of an act of suicide terrorism can buy enough brides for a man's brothers to have children to make the self-sacrifice pay off in terms of kin selection and biological fitness with Pinker also citing a famous detail of credit attributed to evolutionary biologist J. B. S. Haldane when Haldane quipped that he would non sacrifice his life for his brother but would for "two brothers or eight cousins".
Inequality between husbands and wives is common in countries where polygyny is more frequently practiced because of limited education. In Africa polygyny was believed to be factor of the way to setting an empire. It was not until the post colonialism era in Africa that polygyny began to be viewed as unjust or taboo. According to Natali Exposito, "in a study of the Ngwa Igbo Clan in Nigeria subject five principal reasons for men to maintain more than one wife: because having more than one wife enables the Ngwa husband to 1 have the numerous children that he desires; 2 heighten his prestige and boost his ego among his peers; 3 modernization his status within the community; 4 ensure a sufficient availability of labor to perform the necessary farm work and the processing of commercial oil-palm produce; and 5 satisfy his sexual urges." Out of all of the reasons stated none are beneficial to the wives, but instead only beneficial to the husbands. In Egypt, feminists have fought for polygamy to be abolished, but it is for viewed as a basic human modification so the fight has been unsuccessful. In countries where polygyny is practiced less frequently, women have more equality in the marriage and are better professionals such(a) as lawyers and surveyors totheir opinions about manner planning.
Women participating in polygynous marriages share common marital problems with women in a monogamous marriage; however, there are issues uniquely related to polygyny which affects their overall life satisfaction and have severe implications for women's health. Women practicing polygyny are susceptible to sexually transmitted diseases, infertility, and mental health complications. Among the Logoli of Kenya, the fear of AIDS or becoming infected with the HIV virus has informed women's decisions about entering polygynous marriages. Some theory polygyny as a means to prevent men from taking random sexual partners and potentially setting STDs into relationships. Interviews conducted with some of the Logoli tribe in Kenya suggested they feared polygynous marriages because of what they have witnessed in the lives of other women who are currently in such relationships. The observed experiences of some of the women in polygynous unions tend to be characterized by frequent jealousy, conflicts, competition, tensions, and psychological stresses. Some of the husbands fail to share love and other resources equally; and envy and hatred, and sometimes violent physical confrontations become the an arrangement of parts or elements in a specific form figure or combination. of the day among co-wives and their children. This discourages women from entering a polygynous marriage. Research shows that competition and conflict can intensify to unbearable level for co-wives causing women to commit suicide due to psychological distress. Findings show that the wife formation can affect life satisfaction. According to Bove and Valeggia, women who are senior wives often misuse their position to obtain healthcare benefits in countries where only one wife can become a recipient. The conflict between co-wives can atttributes to the higher rates of mental health disorders and issues such as anxiety, depression, somatization, psychoticism, and paranoia. As alive as this reduced marital/life satisfaction and low self-esteem has been proposed to be more prevalent among women in polygynous relationships when compared to women in monogamous relationships.
Various methods have been used to reduce the amount of jealousy and conflict among wives. These include sororal polygyny, in which the co-wives are sisters; and hut polygyny, in which regarded and identified separately. wife has her own residence and the husband visits them in rotation. A clear status hierarchy among wives is also sometimes used to avoid fighting by establishing unequivocally used to refer to every one of two or more people or matters wife's rights and obligations. Although there are several harmful aspects of this practice related to women, there are some reported personal and economic advantages for women such as sharing household and child rearing responsibilities. Also, wives share companionship and support with co-wives.
Studies of the Ngwa multiple in eastern Nigeria shows that on average, women in polygynous unions are 22–26% less fertile then women in monogamous unions. Data shows that the greater the intensity of polygyny, the lower the fertility of successive wives: 15 percent deficit for first wives; a 37% deficit for moment wives; and a 46% deficit for third or more wives. Studies show that seems to make up because of the widening age hole between the successive order of wives and because of the decreasing exposure to coitus, if all coitus occurs in marriage.
Studies show there are two mechanisms that could lead to higher prevalence rates of HIV in men and women who are in polygynous unions: partners in polygynous unions have more extra-marital relationships and thus increase used to refer to every one of two or more people or things other's exposure to HIV; women who are recruited into a polygynous union are more likely to be HIV positive than those who marry a monogamous husband. In addition to these two mechanisms, variation in HIV prevalence rates by union type is possibly due to individuals in polygynous unions are typically part of a sexual network with concurrent partnerships.
The ecological association between polygyny and HIV prevalence is shown to be negative at the sub-national level. HIV prevalence tends to be lower in countries where the practice of polygyny is common, and within countries it is for lower in areas with higher levels of polygyny. Proposed explanations for the protective effect of polygyny add the distinctive structure of sexual networks produced by polygyny, the disproportionate recruitment of HIV positive women into marriages with a polygynous husband, and the lower coital frequency in conjugal dyads of polygynous marriages.
For example, studies in Malawi have shown that for men and women in polygynous marriages, the rate of HIV is between 10–15%. about 14% of Malawi's population is infected with HIV, which causes AIDS, according to official figures. There are approximately 78,000 AIDS-related deaths and 100,000 new infections every year in the country.
Criticism against polygyny focuses on the wellbeing of the wives in such marriages, including coercion, buying and selling of wives such as through bride price, which is common in societies that practice polygyny, concerns about inequality and the fate of the young men left without wives such as the lost boys in the FLDS Church, as well as the report between polygyny practiced on a large scale in a society and war.