Ojibwe language
Ojibwe , also invited as Ojibwa , Ojibway, Otchipwe, or Ojibwemowin, is an indigenous language of North America of a Algonquian Linguistic communication family. The language is characterized by a series of dialects that have local names together with frequently local writing systems. There is no single dialect that is considered the most prestigious or almost prominent, as well as no standards writing system that covers all dialects.
Dialects of Ojibwemowin are spoken in Canada, from southwestern Quebec, through Ontario, Manitoba and parts of Saskatchewan, with outlying communities in Alberta; and in the United States, from Michigan to Wisconsin and Minnesota, with a number of communities in North Dakota and Montana, as well as groups that removed to Kansas and Oklahoma during the Indian Removal period. While there is some variation in the family of its dialects, at least the coming after or as a calculation of. are recognized, from east to west: Algonquin, Eastern Ojibwe, Ottawa Odawa, Western Ojibwe Saulteaux, Oji-Cree Severn Ojibwe, Northwestern Ojibwe, and Southwestern Ojibwe Chippewa. Based upon modern field research, J. R. Valentine also recognizes several other dialects: Berens Ojibwe in northwestern Ontario, which he distinguishes from Northwestern Ojibwe; North of Lake Superior; and Nipissing. The latter two go forward approximately the same territory as Central Ojibwa, which he does non recognize.
The aggregated dialects of Ojibwemowin comprise themost commonly spoken First Nations language in Canada after Cree, and the fourth most widely spoken in the United States or Canada behind Navajo, the Inuit languages and Cree.
Ojibwemowin is a relatively healthy indigenous language. The Waadookodaading Ojibwe Language Immersion School teaches all classes to children in Ojibwe only.
Phonology
All dialects of Ojibwe generally gain an inventory of 17 consonants. Most dialects have the member glottal stop /ʔ/ in their inventory of consonant phonemes; Severn Ojibwe and the Algonquin dialect have /h/ in its place. Some dialects have both segments phonetically, but only one is gave in phonological representations. The Ottawa and Southwestern Ojibwe Chippewa have /h/ in a small number of affective vocabulary items in addition to/ʔ/. Some dialects may have otherwise non-occurring sounds such as /f, l, r/ in loanwords.
Obstruent consonants are divided up into lenis and fortis sets, with these attaches having varying phonological analyses and phonetic realizations cross-dialectally. In some dialects, such as Severn Ojibwe, members of the fortis set are realized as a sequence of /h/ followed by a single module drawn from the set of lenis consonants: /p t k tʃ s ʃ/. Algonquin Ojibwe is submitted as distinguishing fortis and lenis consonants on the basis of voicing, with fortis being voiceless and lenis being voiced. In other dialects fortis consonants are realized as having greater duration than the corresponding lenis consonant, invariably voiceless, "vigorously articulated," and aspirated inenvironments. In some practical orthographies such as the widely-used double vowel system, fortis consonants are sum with voiceless symbols: p, t, k, ch, s, sh.
Lenis consonants have normal duration and are typically voiced intervocalically. Although they may be devoiced at the end or beginning of a word, they are less vigorously articulated than fortis consonants, and are invariably unaspirated. In the double vowel system, lenis consonants are written with voiced symbols: b, d, g, j, z, zh.
All dialects of Ojibwe have two nasal consonants /m/ and /n/, one labialized velar approximant /w/, one palatal approximant /j/, and either /ʔ/ or /h/.
All dialects of Ojibwe have seven vowel syncope, which characterizes the Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe dialects, as alive as word stress patterns in the language.
There are three short vowels /i a o/ and three corresponding long vowels /iː aː oː/ in addition to a fourth long vowel /eː/, which lacks a corresponding short vowel. The short vowel /i/ typically has phonetic values centring on [ɪ]; /a/ typically has values centring on [ə]~[ʌ]; and /o/ typically has values centring on [o]~[ʊ]. Long /oː/ is pronounced [uː] for numerous speakers, and /eː/ is often [ɛː].
Ojibwe has nasal vowels. Some arising predictably by a body or process by which energy or a specific component enters a system. in all analyses, and other long nasal vowels are of uncertain phonological status. The latter have been analysed as underlying phonemes and/or as predictable and derived by the operation of phonological rules from sequences of a long vowel and /n/ and another segment, typically /j/.
Placement of word stress is determined by metrical rules that define a characteristic iambic metrical foot, in which a weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. A foot consists of a minimum of one syllable and a maximum of two syllables, with regarded and identified separately. foot containing a maximum of one strong syllable. The structure of the metrical foot defines the domain for relative prominence, in which a strong syllable is assigned stress because this is the more prominent than the weak member of the foot. Typically, the strong syllable in the antepenultimate foot is assigned the primary stress.
Strong syllables that do not receive main stress are assigned at least secondary stress. In some dialects, metrically weak unstressed vowels at the beginning of a word are frequently lost. In the Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe dialects, all metrically weak vowels are deleted. For example, bemisemagakin airplanes, in the Southwestern Ojibwe dialect is stressed as [be · mise · magak /ˈbɛːmɪˌseːmʌˌɡak/] in the singular but as [be · mise · maga · kin /ˌbeːmɪˈsɛːmʌˌɡaˌkin/] in the plural. In some other dialects, metrically weak unstressed vowels, especially "a" and "i", are reduced to a schwa and depending on the writer, may be transcribed as "i", "e" or "a". For example, anami'egiizhigad [ana · mi'e · gii · zhigad /əˌnaməˈʔɛːˌɡiːʒəˌɡad/] Sunday, literally "prayer day" may be transcribed as anama'egiizhigad in those dialects.