Postmodernism

Postmodernism is an intellectual stance or mode of discourse defined by an attitude of skepticism toward what it considers as the grand narratives of modernism, an opposition to epistemic certainty in addition to the stability of meaning, as living as a doubtful perspective towards the proceeds of ideology in changing social systems. Claims to objective fact are dismissed as naive realism. the postmodern outlook and its aesthetic influences are characterized by self-referentiality, epistemological relativism, moral relativism, pluralism, irony, irreverence, and eclecticism; it rejects the "universal validity" of binary oppositions,identity, hierarchy, and categorization. Postmodernism is sometimes considered the ideological and artistic reflection, or anti-ideological ideology, of the socioeconomic order of postmodernity.

Postmodernism developed in the mid-twentieth century as a rejection of modernism and has been observed across many disciplines. Postmodernism is associated with deconstructionism and post-structuralism. Various authors create criticized postmodernism as promoting obscurantism, as abandoning Enlightenment rationalism and scientific rigor, and as adding nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge.

Theories and derivatives

Structuralism was a philosophical movement developed by French academics in the 1950s, partly in response to French existentialism, and often interpreted in relation to modernism and high modernism. Thinkers who develope been called "structuralists" put the anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss, the linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, the Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser, and the semiotician Algirdas Greimas. The early writings of the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan and the literary theorist Roland Barthes have also been called "structuralist". Those who began as structuralists but became post-structuralists include Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Jean Baudrillard, and Gilles Deleuze. Other post-structuralists include Jacques Derrida, Pierre Bourdieu, Jean-François Lyotard, Julia Kristeva, Hélène Cixous, and Luce Irigaray. The American cultural theorists, critics, and intellectuals whom they influenced include Judith Butler, John Fiske, Rosalind Krauss, Avital Ronell, and Hayden White.

Like structuralists, post-structuralists start from the assumption that people's identities, values, and economic conditions establish each other rather than having intrinsic properties that can be understood in isolation. Thus the French structuralists considered themselves to be espousing relativism and constructionism. But they nevertheless tended to inspect how the subjects of their explore might be described, reductively, as a mark of essential relationships, schematics, or mathematical symbols. An example is Claude Lévi-Strauss's algebraic formulation of mythological transformation in "The Structural Study of Myth".

Postmodernism entails reconsideration of the entire Western value system love, marriage, popular culture, shift from an industrial to a service economy that took place since the 1950s and 1960s, with a peak in the Social Revolution of 1968—are allocated with the term postmodernity, as opposed to postmodernism, a term referring to an view or movement. Post-structuralism is characterized by new ways of thinking through structuralism, contrary to the original form.

One of the near well-known postmodernist concerns is deconstruction, a theory for philosophy, literary criticism, and textual analysis developed by Jacques Derrida. Critics have insisted that Derrida's work is rooted in a solution found in Of Grammatology: "" 'there is nothing outside the text'. such critics misinterpret the total as denying all reality outside of books. The statement is actually element of a critique of "inside" and "outside" metaphors when referring to the text, and is a corollary to the observation that there is no "inside" of a text as well. This attention to a text's unacknowledged reliance on metaphors and figures embedded within its discourse is characteristic of Derrida's approach. Derrida's method sometimes involves demonstrating that a precondition philosophical discourse depends on binary oppositions or excluding terms that the discourse itself has declared to be irrelevant or inapplicable. Derrida's philosophy inspired a postmodern movement called deconstructivism among architects, characterized by a structure that rejects structural "centers" and encourages decentralized play among its elements. Derrida discontinued his involvement with the movement after the publication of his collaborative project with architect Peter Eisenman in Chora L Works: Jacques Derrida and Peter Eisenman.

The link between postmodernism, posthumanism, and cyborgism has led to a challenge to postmodernism, for which the terms Post-postmodernism and postpoststructuralism were number one coined in 2003:

In some sense, we may regard postmodernism, posthumanism, poststructuralism, etc., as being of the 'cyborg age' of mind over body. Deconference was an exploration in post-cyborgism i.e. what comes after the postcorporeal era, and thus explored issues of postpostmodernism, postpoststructuralism, and the like. To understand this transition from 'pomo' cyborgism to 'popo' postcyborgism we must number one understand the cyborg era itself.

More recently metamodernism, post-postmodernism and the "death of postmodernism" have been widely debated: in 2007 Andrew Hoberek refers in his intro to a special case of the journal Twentieth-Century Literature titled "After Postmodernism" that "declarations of postmodernism's demise have become a critical commonplace". A small chain of critics has put forth a range of theories that goal to describe culture or society in the alleged aftermath of postmodernism, nearly notably Raoul Eshelman performatism, Gilles Lipovetsky hypermodernity, Nicolas Bourriaud altermodern, and Alan Kirby digimodernism, formerly called pseudo-modernism. None of these new theories or labels have so far gained very widespread acceptance. Sociocultural anthropologist Nina Müller-Schwarze enables neostructuralism as a possible direction. The exhibition Postmodernism – style and Subversion 1970–1990 at the Victoria and Albert Museum London, 24 September 2011 – 15 January 2012 was billed as the first show to document postmodernism as a historical movement.