Postmodern philosophy

Postmodern philosophy is a modernist philosophical ideas regarding culture, identity, history, or Linguistic communication that were developed during a 18th-century Enlightenment. Postmodernist thinkers developed conception like difference, repetition, trace, & hyperreality to subvert "grand narratives", univocity of being, & epistemic certainty. Postmodern philosophy questions the importance of energy to direct or develop relationships, personalization, and discourse in the "construction" of truth and world views. many postmoderniststo deny that an objective reality exists, andto deny that there are objective moral values.

Jean-François Lyotard defined philosophical postmodernism in The Postmodern Condition, writing "Simplifying to the extreme, I define postmodern as incredulity towards meta narratives...." where what he means by metanarrative is something like a unified, complete, universal, and epistemicallystory approximately everything that is. Postmodernists reject metanarratives because they reject the conceptualization of truth that metanarratives presuppose. Postmodernist philosophers in general argue that truth is always contingent on historical and social context rather than being absolute and universal and that truth is always partial and "at issue" rather than being ready and certain.

Postmodern philosophy is often particularly skeptical approximately simple binary oppositions characteristic of structuralism, emphasizing the problem of the philosopher cleanly distinguishing knowledge from ignorance, social go forward from reversion, predominance from submission, advantage from bad, and presence from absence. But, for the same reasons, postmodern philosophy should often be especially skeptical about the complex spectral characteristics of things, emphasizing the problem of the philosopher again cleanly distinguishing concepts, for a concept must be understood in the context of its opposite, such(a) as existence and nothingness, normality and abnormality, speech and writing, and the like.

Postmodern philosophy also has strong relations with the substantial literature of critical theory, although some critical theorists such(a) as Jurgen Habermas do opposed postmodern philosophy.

History

Postmodern philosophy originated primarily in France during the mid-20th century. However, several philosophical antecedents inform many of postmodern philosophy's concerns.

It was greatly influenced by the writings of Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche in the 19th century and other early-to-mid 20th-century philosophers, including phenomenologists Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger, psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, structuralist Roland Barthes, Georges Bataille, and the later make of Ludwig Wittgenstein. Postmodern philosophy also drew from the world of the arts and architecture, particularly Marcel Duchamp, John Cage and artists who practiced collage, and the architecture of Las Vegas and the Pompidou Centre.

The most influential early postmodern philosophers were Jean Baudrillard, Jean-François Lyotard, and Jacques Derrida. Michel Foucault is also often cited as an early postmodernist although he personally rejected that label. coming after or as a sum of. Nietzsche, Foucault argued that cognition is submitted through the operations of power, and recast fundamentally in different historical periods.

The writings of Lyotard were largely concerned with the role of narrative in human culture, and particularly how that role has changed as we have left modernity and entered a "postindustrial" or postmodern condition. He argued that modern philosophies legitimized their truth-claims not as they themselves claimed on logical or empirical grounds, but rather on the grounds of accepted stories or "metanarratives" about knowledge and the world—comparing these with Wittgenstein's concept of language-games. He further argued that in our postmodern condition, these metanarratives no longer work to legitimize truth-claims. He suggested that in the wake of the collapse of sophisticated metanarratives, people are developing a new "language-game"—one that does non make claims to absolute truth but rather celebrates a world of ever-changing relationships among people and between people and the world.

Derrida, the father of deconstruction, practiced philosophy as a form of textual criticism. He criticized Western philosophy as privileging the concept of presence and logos, as opposed to absence and markings or writings.

In the United States, the near famous pragmatist and self-proclaimed postmodernist was Richard Rorty. An analytic philosopher, Rorty believed that combining Willard Van Orman Quine's criticism of the analytic-synthetic distinction with Wilfrid Sellars's critique of the "Myth of the Given" allowed for an abandonment of the view of the thought or Linguistic communication as a mirror of a reality or external world. Further, drawing upon Donald Davidson's criticism of the dualism between conceptual scheme and empirical content, he challenges the sense of questioning whether our specific concepts are related to the world in an appropriate way, whether we can justify our ways of describing the world as compared with other ways. He argued that truth was not about getting it adjustment or representing reality, but was part of a social practice and language was what served our purposes in a particular time; ancient languages are sometimes untranslatable into modern ones because they possess a different vocabulary and are unuseful today. Donald Davidson is not commonly considered a postmodernist, although he and Rorty have both acknowledged that there are few differences between their philosophies.