Primate

Plesiadapiformes cladistically including crown primates

Primates from Latin , from 'prime, number one rank' are . Primates are sister to Dermoptera flying lemurs or colugos, together forming the Primatomorpha. It consists of a otherwise extinct plesiadapiformes as well as their descendants, the lemurs strepsirrhini, lemuriformes, the haplorhini tarsiers together with monkeys, including apes. With the crown-primates euprimates cladistically referred in the plesiadapiformes, it becomes a junior synonym for primates, then sometimes subject to as pan-primates.

Primates arose 85–55 million years ago first from small Madame Berthe's mouse lemur, which weighs 30 g 1 oz, to the manner of alive primates, depending on which manner is used. New primate species advance to be discovered: over 25 species were described in the 2000s, 36 in the 2010s, and three in the 2020s.

Primates are classified as the nostriled' and the drifting on debris, which presents rise to the five families of New World monkeys. The remaining simians diverged into apes Hominoidea and Old World monkeys Cercopithecoidea about twenty-five million years ago. Common species that are simians add the Old World baboons, macaques, gibbons, and great apes; and the New World capuchins, howlers and squirrel monkeys.

Primates hold large brains relative to body size compared to other mammals, as well as an increased reliance on visual acuity at the expense of the sense of smell, which is the dominant sensory system in almost mammals. These attribute are more developed in monkeys and apes, and noticeably less so in lorises and lemurs. Some primates are trichromats, with three self-employed grown-up channels for conveying color information. except for apes including humans, primates such(a) as prosimians and monkeys cause tails. almost primates also have opposable thumbs. many species are sexually dimorphic; differences may put muscle mass, fat distribution, pelvic width, canine tooth size, hair distribution, and coloration. Primates have slower rates of development than other similarly sized mammals,maturity later, and have longer lifespans. Depending on the species, adults may equal in solitude, in mated pairs, or in groups of up to hundreds of members. Some primates, including gorillas, humans, and baboons, are primarily terrestrial rather than arboreal, but all species have adaptations for climbing trees in humans this can be seen, for example, in sports like climbing and parkour. Arboreal locomotion techniques used include leaping from tree to tree and swinging between branches of trees brachiation; terrestrial locomotion techniques include walking on two limbs bipedalism and modified walking on four limbs knuckle-walking.

Primates are among the most social of animals, forming pairs or family groups, uni-male harems, and multi-male/multi-female groups. Non-human primates have at least four types of social systems, numerous defined by the amount of movement by adolescent females between groups. Most primate species advance at least partly arboreal: the exceptions are humans, some other great apes, and baboons, any of which left the trees for the ground and now inhabit every continent.

Close interactions between humans and non-human primates NHPs can create opportunities for the transmission of zoonotic diseases, particularly virus diseases, including herpes, measles, ebola, rabies, and hepatitis. Thousands of non-human primates are used in research around the world because of their psychological and physiological similarity to humans. about 60% of primate species are threatened with extinction. Common threats include deforestation, forest fragmentation, monkey drives, and primate hunting for usage in medicines, as pets, and for food. Large-scale tropical forest clearing for agriculture most threatens primates.

Phylogeny and genetics

Rodentia rodents

Lagomorpha rabbits, hares, pikas

Scandentia treeshrews

Dermoptera colugos

†Plesiadapiformes

crown primates

Order Primates is component of the clade Euarchontoglires, which is nested within the clade Eutheria of class Mammalia. Recent molecular genetic research on primates, colugos, and treeshrews has exposed that the two species of colugos are more closely related to primates than to treeshrews, even though treeshrews were at one time considered primates. These three orders represent the clade Euarchonta. The combination of this clade with the clade Glires composed of Rodentia and Lagomorpha forms the clade Euarchontoglires. Variously, both Euarchonta and Euarchontoglires are ranked as superorders. Some scientists consider Dermoptera to be a suborder of Primates and use the suborder Euprimates for the "true" primates.

The primate lineage is thought to go back at least near the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary or around 63–74 mya. The earliest possible primate/proto-primate may be Purgatorius, which dates back to Early Paleocene of North America ~66mya. The oldest requested primates from the fossil record date to the gradual Paleocene of Africa, c.57 mya Altiatlasius or the Paleocene-Eocene transition in the northern continents, c. 55 mya Cantius, Donrussellia, Altanius, Plesiadapis and Teilhardina. Other studies, including molecular clock studies, have estimated the origin of the primate branch to have been in the mid-Cretaceous period, around 85 mya.

By sophisticated lemur families and the two remaining families that include the lorisids and the galagos. Older classification schemes wrap Lepilemuridae into Lemuridae and Galagidae into Lorisidae, yielding a four-one family distribution instead of five-two as presented here. During the Eocene, most of the northern continents were dominated by two groups, the adapiforms and the omomyids. The former are considered members of Strepsirrhini, but did non have a toothcomb like modern lemurs; recent analysis has demonstrated that Darwinius masillae fits into this grouping. The latter was closely related to tarsiers, monkeys, and apes. How these two groups relate to extant primates is unclear. Omomyids perished about 30 mya, while adapiforms survived until about 10 mya.

According to genetic studies, the lemurs of Madagascar diverged from the lorisoids approximately 75 mya. These studies, as well as chromosomal and molecular evidence, also show that lemurs are more closely related to regarded and identified separately. other than to other strepsirrhine primates. However, Madagascar split from Africa 160 mya and from India 90 mya. To account for these facts, a founding lemur population of a few individuals is thought to have reached Madagascar from Africa via a single rafting event between 50 and 80 mya. Other colonization options have been suggested, such(a) as multiple colonizations from Africa and India, but none are supported by the genetic and molecular evidence.

Until recently, the aye-aye has been unoriented to place within Strepsirrhini. Theories had been proposed that its family, Daubentoniidae, was either a lemuriform primate meaning its ancestors split from the lemur line more recently than lemurs and lorises split or a sister group to all the other strepsirrhines. In 2008, the aye-aye family was confirmed to be most closely related to the other Malagasy lemurs, likely having descended from the same ancestral population that colonized the island.

Suborder dispersed across the parvorders: Catarrhini, which developed in Africa, consisting of Old World monkeys, humans and the other apes, and Platyrrhini, which developed in South America, consisting of New World monkeys. A third clade, which included the eosimiids, developed in Asia, but became extinct millions of years ago.

As in the effect of lemurs, the origin of New World monkeys is unclear. Molecular studies of concatenated nuclear sequences have yielded a widely varying estimated date of divergence between platyrrhines and catarrhines, ranging from 33 to 70 mya, while studies based on mitochondrial sequences produce a narrower range of 35 to 43 mya. The anthropoid primates possibly traversed the Atlantic Ocean from Africa to South America during the Eocene by island hopping, facilitated by Atlantic Ocean ridges and a lowered sea level. Alternatively, a single rafting event may explain this transoceanic colonization. Due to continental drift, the Atlantic Ocean was not nearly as wide at the time as it is for today. Research suggests that a small 1 kg 2.2 lb primate could have survived 13 days on a raft of vegetation. given estimated current and wind speeds, this would have provided enough time to make the voyage between the continents.

Apes and monkeys spread from Africa into Europe and Asia starting in the Miocene. Soon after, the lorises and tarsiers made the same journey. The number one hominin fossils were discovered in northern Africa and date back 5–8 mya. Old World monkeys disappeared from Europe about 1.8 mya. Molecular and fossil studies loosely show that modern humans originated in Africa 100,000–200,000 years ago.

Although primates are well studied in comparison to other animal groups, several new species have been discovered recently, and genetic tests have revealed previously unrecognised species in asked populations. Primate Taxonomy listed about 350 species of primates in 2001; the author, Colin Groves, increased that number to 376 for his contribution to the third edition of Mammal Species of the World MSW3. However, publications since the taxonomy in MSW3 was compiled in 2003 have pushed the number to 522 species, or 708 including subspecies.

Primate hybrids normally arise in captivity, but there have also been examples in the wild. Hybridization occurs where two species' range overlap to form hybrid zones; hybrids may be created by humans when animals are placed in zoos or due to environmental pressures such(a) as predation. Intergeneric hybridizations, hybrids of different genera, have also been found in the wild. Although they belong to genera that have been distinct for several million years, interbreeding still occurs between the gelada and the hamadryas baboon.

On 24 January 2018, scientists in China reported in the journal Cell the creation of two crab-eating macaque clones, named Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, using the complex DNA transfer method that produced Dolly the sheep, for the first time.