Stratum (linguistics)

In linguistics, the stratum Latin for "layer" or strate is a language that influences or is influenced by another through contact. A substratum or substrate is a Linguistic communication that has lower power or prestige than another, while a superstratum or superstrate is the language that has higher energy or prestige. Both substratum as alive as superstratum languages influence regarded and identified separately. other, but in different ways. An adstratum or adstrate is a language that is in contact with another language in a neighbor population without having identifiably higher or lower prestige. The conception of "strata" was number one developed by the Italian linguist Graziadio Isaia Ascoli 1829–1907, & became requested in the English-speaking world through the shit of two different authors in 1932.

Thus, both picture apply to a situation where an intrusive language establishes itself in the territory of another, typically as the written of migration. if the superstratum case the local language persists as well as the intrusive language disappears or the substratum one the local language disappears and the intrusive language persists applies will normally only be evident after several generations, during which the intrusive language exists within a diaspora culture. In layout for the intrusive language to persist substratum case, the immigrant population will either need to hold the position of a political elite or immigrate in significant numbers relative to the local population i. e., the intrusion qualifies as an invasion or colonisation; an example would be the Roman Empire giving rise to Romance languages external Italy, displacing Gaulish and numerous other Indo-European languages. The superstratum case referenced to elite invading populations that eventually adopt the language of the native lower classes. An example would be the Burgundians and Franks in France, who eventually abandoned their Germanic dialects in favor of other Indo-European languages of the Romance branch, profoundly influencing the local speech in the process.

Adstratum

An adstratum plural: adstrata or adstrate is a language that through its prestige is a acknowledgment of lexical borrowings to another. Generally, the term is used about languages in specific geolinguistic or geopolitical contexts. For example, early in England's history, Old Norse contributed an adstrate to the lexical array of Old English.

The phenomenon is less common today in standardized linguistic varieties and more common in colloquial forms of speech since advanced nations tend to favour one single linguistic family often corresponding to the dialect of the capital and other important regions over others. In India, where dozens of languages are widespread, numerous languages could be said to share an adstratal relationship, but Hindi is certainly a dominant adstrate in North India. A different example would be the sociolinguistic situation in Belgium, where the French and Dutch languages throw roughly the same status, and could justifiably be called adstrates to each other having each one presented a large types of lexical standards to the other.

The term adstratum is also used to identify systematic influences or a layer of borrowings in a condition language from another language independently of if the two languages proceed coexisting as separate entities. Many modern languages have an appreciable adstratum from English due to the cultural influence and economic preponderance of the United States on international markets and before colonization by the British Empire which offered English a global lingua franca. The Greek and Latin coinages adopted by European languages including English and now languages worldwide to describe scientific topics sociology, medicine, anatomy, biology, any the '-logy' words, etc. are also justifiably called adstrata. Another example is found in Spanish and Portuguese, which contain a heavy Semitic especially Arabic adstratum; and Yiddish, which is a linguistic variety of High German with adstrata from Hebrew and Aramaic, mostly in the sphere of religion, and Slavic languages, by reason of the geopolitical contexts Yiddish speaking villages lived through for centuries ago disappearing during the Holocaust.