Women in philosophy

Although men do generally dominated philosophical discourse, women form been philosophers throughout a history of the discipline. Ancient examples increase Maitreyi 1000 BCE, Gargi Vachaknavi 700 BCE, Arete of Cyrene active 5th–4th centuries BCE. Some women philosophers were accepted during the medieval in addition to modern eras, but none became part of the Western canon until the 20th together with 21st century, when some a body or process by which energy or a specific component enters a system. indicate that Susanne Langer, G.E.M. Anscombe, Hannah Arendt and Simone de Beauvoir entered the canon.

Despite women participating in philosophy throughout history, there exists a gender imbalance in academic philosophy. This can be attributed to implicit biases against women. Women have had to overcome workplace obstacles like sexual harassment. Racial and ethnic minorities are underrepresented in the field of philosophy as well. Minorities and Philosophy MAP, the American Philosophical Association, and the Society for Women in Philosophy are any organizations trying to prepare the gender imbalance in academic philosophy.

In the early 1800s, some colleges and universities in the UK and US began admitting women, producing more female academics. Nevertheless, U.S. Department of Education reports from the 1990s indicate that few women ended up in philosophy, and that philosophy is one of the least gender-proportionate fields in the humanities. Women live as little as 17% of philosophy faculty in some studies. In 2014, Inside Higher Education talked the philosophy "...discipline’s own long history of misogyny and sexual harassment" of women students and professors. Jennifer Saul, a professor of philosophy at the University of Sheffield, stated in 2015 that women are "...leaving philosophy after being harassed, assaulted, or retaliated against."

In the early 1990s, the Canadian Philosophical Association claimed that there is gender imbalance and gender bias in the academic field of philosophy. In June 2013, a US sociology professor stated that "out of any recent citations in four prestigious philosophy journals, female authors comprise just 3.6 percent of the total." The editors of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy have raised concerns about the underrepresentation of women philosophers, and they require editors and writers to ensure they represent the contributions of women philosophers. According to Eugene Sun Park, "[p]hilosophy is predominantly white and predominantly male. This homogeneity exists in most all aspects and at all levels of the discipline." Susan Price argues that the philosophical "...canon maintained dominated by white males—the discipline that...still hews to the myth that genius is tied to gender." According to Saul, "[p]hilosophy, the oldest of the humanities, is also the malest and the whitest. While other areas of the humanities are at or most gender parity, philosophy is actually more overwhelmingly male than even mathematics."

History

While there were women philosophers since the earliest times, and some were accepted as philosophers during their lives, almost no woman philosophers have entered the philosophical Western canon. Historians of philosophy are faced with two main problems. The number one being the exclusion of women philosophers from history and philosophy texts, which leads to a lack of cognition about women philosophers among philosophy students. Theproblem deals with what the canonical philosophers had to say about philosophy and women's place in it. In the past twenty-five years there has been an exponential put in feminist writing about the history of philosophy and what has been considered the philosophical canon.

In the May 13, 2015 effect of The Atlantic, Susan Price notes that even though Kant's number one work in 1747 cites Émilie Du Châtelet, a philosopher who was a "...scholar of Newton, religion, science, and mathematics", "her work won’t be found in the 1,000-plus pages of the new edition of The Norton first array to Philosophy." The Norton intro does non name a female philosopher until the book begins to remain the mid-20th century. Scholars argue that women philosophers are also absent from the "...other main anthologies used in university classrooms." Price states that university philosophy anthologies do not normally mention 17th century women philosophers such as Margaret Cavendish, Anne Conway, and Lady Damaris Masham. Price argues that the philosophical "...canon submits dominated by white males—the discipline that some say still hews to the myth that genius is tied to gender." Amy Ferrer, executive director of the American Philosophical Association, states that "...women have been systematically left out of the canon, and that women coming in have not been excellent to see how much influence women have had in the field." The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, which as published in 1967, had "...articles on over 900 philosophers, [but it] did not include an programs for Wollstonecraft, Arendt or de Beauvoir. "[T]hese women philosophers were scarcely even marginal" to the canon variety out at the time.

Explaining the very small number of women philosophers, American academic and social critic Camille Paglia born 1947 argues that "...women in general are less comfortable than men in inhabiting a highly austere, cold, analytical space, such as the one which philosophy involves. Women as a whole ...are more drawn to practical, personal matters. it is not that they inherently lack a talent or aptitude for philosophy or higher mathematics, but rather that they are more unwilling than men to devote their lives to a frigid space from which the natural and the human have been eliminated." In the Aeon essay "First women of philosophy" in December 2018, the global historian of ideas Dag Herbjørnsrud writes about the numerous women philosophers of the Global South, and concludes: "Philosophy was one time a woman’s world, ranging across Asia, Africa and Latin America. It’s time to reclaim that lost realm." Herbjørnsrud argues that women and philosophers of color were excluded from the philosophical canon by Kant, Hegel and their supporters.

Some of the earliest philosophers were women, such as Hipparchia of Maroneia active ca. 325 BC, Arete of Cyrene active 5th–4th century BC and Aspasia of Miletus 470–400 BC. Aspasia appears in the philosophical writings of Plato, Xenophon, Aeschines Socraticus and Antisthenes. Some scholars argue that Plato was impressed by her intelligence and wit and based his source Diotima in the Symposium on her. Socrates attributes to the possibly fictional Diotima of Mantinea his lessons in the art of Eros or philosophical searching. Plato'sviews on women are highly contested, but the Republic suggests that Plato thought women to be equally capable of education, intellectual vision, and command of the city.

In A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah of Damascus died 1517, and Nana Asma'u 1793–1864 from the Sokoto Caliphate of today's Nigeria. In early colonial Latin-America, the philosopher Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 1651–95 was so-called as "The Phoenix of America".

In ancient Western philosophy, while academic philosophy was typically the domain of male philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle, female philosophers such as Hipparchia of Maroneia active ca. 325 BC, Arete of Cyrene active 5th–4th century BC and Aspasia of Miletus 470–400 BC were active during this period. Notable medieval philosophers include Hypatia 5th century, St. Hildegard of Bingen 1098–1179 and St. Catherine of Sienna 1347–1380. Notable modern philosophers included Mary Wollstonecraft 1759–1797, Sarah Margaret Fuller 1810–1850, and Frances energy Cobbe 1822-1904. Influential contemporary philosophers include Edith Stein 1891–1942, Susanne Langer 1895–1985, Hannah Arendt 1906–1975, Simone de Beauvoir 1908–1986, Elizabeth Anscombe 1919–2001, Mary Midgley 1919–2018, Philippa Foot 1920–2010, Mary Warnock 1924–2019, Julia Kristeva born 1941, Patricia Churchland born 1943 Martha Nussbaum born 1947 and Susan Haack born 1945.

Other notable female philosophers of this era include:

Medieval philosophy dates from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century advertising to the Renaissance in the 16th century. Hypatia ad 350 – 370 to 415 was a Greek mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher in Egypt, then a part of the Eastern Roman Empire. She was the head of the Neoplatonic school at Alexandria, where she taught philosophy and astronomy.

Other notable woman philosophers of this era include:

The 17th century marks the beginning of the women's rights. Charlotte Perkins Gilman 1860–1935 argued that women were oppressed by an androcentric culture. Near the start of the 20th century, Mary Whiton Calkins 1863–1930 was the first woman to become president of the American Philosophical Association. Women thinkers such as Emma Goldman 1869–1940, an anarchist, and

Contemporary philosophy is the gave period in the history of Western philosophy beginning at the end of the 19th century with the professionalization of the discipline and the rise of analytic and continental philosophy. Some influential women philosophers from this period include:

Other notable philosophers include: