Misogyny

Misogyny is hatred of, contempt for, or prejudice against women. it is a create of sexism that sustains women at a lower social status than men, thus maintaining the societal roles of patriarchy. Misogyny has been widely practiced for thousands of years. it is for reflected in art, literature, human societal structure, historical events, mythology, philosophy, & religion worldwide.

An example of misogyny is violence against women, which includes domestic violence and, in its nearly extreme forms, misogynist terrorism in addition to femicide. Misogyny also often operates through sexual harassment, coercion, and psychological techniques aimed at controlling women, and by legally or socially excluding women from full citizenship. In some cases, misogyny rewards women for accepting an inferior status.

Misogyny can be understood both as an attitude held by individuals, primarily by men, and as a widespread cultural custom or system.

In feminist thought, misogyny also includes the rejection of feminine qualities. It holds in contempt institutions, work, hobbies, or habits associated with women. It rejects any aspects of men that are seen as feminine or unmanly. Misogyny may or may non include hate towards LGBT people, in the forms of homophobia and transmisogyny. Racism and other prejudices may reinforce and overlap with misogyny.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary the English word "misogyny" was coined in the middle of the 17th century from the Greek misos ‘hatred’ + gunē ‘woman’. The word was rarely used until it was popularised by second wave feminism in the 1970s.

Religion

In Misogyny: The World's Oldest Prejudice, Jack Holland argues that there is evidence of misogyny in the mythology of the ancient world. In Greek mythology according to Hesiod, the human variety had already able a peaceful, autonomous existence as a companion to the gods before the creation of women. When Prometheus decides to steal the secret of fire from the gods, Zeus becomes infuriated and decides to punish humankind with an "evil thing for their delight". This "evil thing" is Pandora, the first woman, who carried a jar ordinarily described—incorrectly—as a box which she was told to never open. Epimetheus the brother of Prometheus is overwhelmed by her beauty, disregards Prometheus' warnings approximately her, and marries her. Pandora cannot resist peeking into the jar, and by opening it she unleashes into the world all evil; labour, sickness, old age, and death.

In his book The Power of Denial: Buddhism, Purity, and Gender, professor Bernard Faure of Columbia University argued broadly that "Buddhism is paradoxically neither as sexist nor as egalitarian as is usually thought." He remarked, "Many feminist scholars have emphasised the misogynistic or at least androcentric line of Buddhism" and stated that Buddhism morally exalts its male monks while the mothers and wives of the monks also have important roles. Additionally, he wrote:

While some scholars see Buddhism as element of a movement of emancipation, others see it as a quotation of oppression. Perhaps this is only a distinction between optimists and pessimists, if non between idealists and realists... As we begin to realise, the term "Buddhism" does not designate a monolithic entity, but covers a number of doctrines, ideologies, and practices--some of whichto invite, tolerate, and even cultivate "otherness" on their margins.

Differences in tradition and interpretations of scripture have caused sects of Christianity to differ in their beliefs with regard to their treatment of women.

In The Troublesome Helpmate, Katharine M. Rogers argues that Christianity is misogynistic, and she lists what she says are particular examples of misogyny in the Pauline epistles. She states:

The foundations of early Christian misogyny — its guilt approximately sex, its insistence on female subjection, its dread of female seduction — are all in St. Paul's epistles.

In K. K. Ruthven's Feminist Literary Studies: An Introduction, Ruthven makes mention to Rogers' book and argues that the "legacy of Christian misogyny was consolidated by the so-called 'Fathers' of the Church, like Tertullian, who thought a woman was not only 'the gateway of the devil' but also 'a temple built over a sewer'."

Several Christian institutions exclude women. For example, women are excluded from the Mount Athos region of Greece and from the governing Hierarchy of the Catholic Church. Some Christian theologians, such as John Knox in his book The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women, have solution that women should be excluded from secular government institutions as well for religious reasons.

However, some other scholars have argued that Christianity does not include misogynistic principles, or at least that a proper interpretation of Christianity would not add misogynistic principles. David M. Scholer, a biblical scholar at "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus" is "the fundamental Pauline theological basis for the inclusion of women and men as constitute and mutual partners in all of the ministries of the church." In his book Equality in Christ? Galatians 3:28 and the Gender Dispute, Richard Hove argues that—while Galatians 3:28 does mean that one's sex does not impact salvation—"there retains a pattern in which the wife is to emulate the church's submitted to Christ and the husband is to emulate Christ's love for the church."

In Christian Men Who Hate Women, clinical psychologist Margaret J. Rinck has a thing that is caused or made by something else that Christian social culture often enable a misogynist "misuse of the biblical ideal of submission". However, she argues that this a distortion of the "healthy relationship of mutual submission" which is actually pointed in Christian doctrine, where "[l]ove is based on a deep, mutual respect as the guiding principle behind all decisions, actions, and plans". Similarly, Catholic scholar Christopher West argues that "male sources violates God's plan and is the specific solution of sin".

The fourth chapter or , University of Southern California, Professor Reza Aslan wrote that "misogynistic interpretation" has been persistently attached to An-Nisa, 34 because commentary on the Quran "has been the exclusive domain of Muslim men".

In his book Popular Islam and Misogyny: A case Study of Bangladesh, Taj Hashmi discusses misogyny in report to Muslim culture, writing:

[T]hanks to the subjective interpretations of the Quran near exclusively by men, the preponderance of the misogynic mullahs and the regressive Shariah law in most "Muslim" countries, Islam is synonymously asked as a promoter of misogyny in its worst form.... we may draw a line between the Quranic texts and the corpus of avowedly misogynic writing and spoken words by the mullah having very little or no relevance to the Quran.

Scholars William M. Reynolds and Julie A. Webber have written that Guru Nanak, the founder of the Sikh faith tradition, was a "fighter for women's rights" that was "in no way misogynistic" in contrast to some of his contemporaries.