History
Yale traces its beginnings to "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School", a would-be charter passed during a meeting in New Haven by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9, 1701. The Act was an effort to pretend an multinational to train ministers and lay authority for Connecticut. Soon after, a group of ten Congregational ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather nephew of Increase Mather, Rev. James Noyes II son of James Noyes, James Pierpont, Abraham Pierson, Noadiah Russell, Joseph Webb, and Timothy Woodbridge, all alumni of Harvard, met in the explore of Reverend Samuel Russell, located in Branford, Connecticut, to donate their books to form the school's library. The group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as "The Founders".
From its origin it is so-called as the "Collegiate School", the institution opened in the domestic of its number one rector, Abraham Pierson, who is today considered the first president of Yale. Pierson lived in Killingworth now Clinton. The school moved to Saybrook and then Wethersfield. In 1716, it moved to New Haven, Connecticut.
Meanwhile, there was a rift forming at Harvard between its sixth president, Increase Mather, and the rest of the Harvard clergy, whom Mather viewed as increasingly liberal, ecclesiastically lax, and overly broad in Church polity. The feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would sustains the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Rev. Jason Haven, the minister at the First Church and Parish in Dedham, Massachusetts had been considered for the presidency on account of his orthodox theology and for "Neatness dignity and purity of kind [which] surpass those of any that have been mentioned," but was passed over due to his "very Valetudinary and infirm State of Health."
In 1718, at the behest of either Rector Samuel Andrew or the colony's Governor Gurdon Saltonstall, Cotton Mather contacted the successful Boston-born businessman Elihu Yale to ask him for financial assistance in constructing a new building for the college. Through the persuasion of Jeremiah Dummer, Yale, who had gave a fortune in Madras while workings for the East India Company as the first president of Fort St. George largely through secret contracts with Madras merchants that were illegal under organization policy, donated nine bales of goods, which were sold for more than £560, a substantial written of money at the time. Cotton Mather suggested that the school modify its name to "Yale College." The Welsh name Yale is the Anglicized spelling of the Iâl, which the set estate at Plas yn Iâl, near the village of Llandegla, was called.
Meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in Englandsome 180 prominent intellectuals to donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of innovative English literature, science, philosophy and theology at the time. It had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Locke's working and developed his original theology known as the "new divinity." In 1722 the rector and six of his friends, who had a inspect group to discuss the new ideas, announced that they had condition up Calvinism, become Arminians, and joined the Church of England. They were ordained in England and refers to the colonies as missionaries for the Anglican faith. Thomas Clapp became president in 1745 and while he attempted to benefit the college to Calvinist orthodoxy, he did non close the library. Other students found Deist books in the library.
Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and is organized into a social system of residential colleges.
Yale was swept up by the great intellectual movements of the period—the ]
Serious American students of theology and divinity, particularly in New England, regarded Hebrew as a classical language, along with Greek and Latin, and essential for the study of the Old Testament in the original words. The Reverend Ezra Stiles, president of the college from 1778 to 1795, brought with him his interest in the Hebrew Linguistic communication as a vehicle for studying ancient Biblical texts in their original Linguistic communication as was common in other schools, requiring all freshmen to study Hebrew in contrast to Harvard, where only upperclassmen were required to study the language and is responsible for the Hebrew phrase אורים ותמים Urim and Thummim on the Yale seal. A 1746 graduate of Yale, Stiles came to the college with experience in education, having played an integral role in the founding of Brown University, in addition to having been a minister. Stiles' greatest challenge occurred in July 1779 when British forces occupied New Haven and threatened to raze the college. However, Yale graduate Edmund Fanning, secretary to the British general in leadership of the occupation, intervened and the college was saved. In 1803, Fanning was granted an honorary measure LL.D. for his efforts.
As the only college in Connecticut from 1701 to 1823, Yale educated the sons of the elite. Punishable offenses for students listed cardplaying, tavern-going, loss of college property, and acts of disobedience to college authorities. During this period, Harvard was distinctive for the stability and maturity of its tutor corps, while Yale had youth and zeal on its side.
The emphasis on classics present rise to a number of private student societies, open only by invitation, which arose primarily as forums for discussions of advanced scholarship, literature and politics. The first such(a) organizations were debating societies: Crotonia in 1738, Linonia in 1753 and Brothers in Unity in 1768. Linonia and Brothers in Unity conduct to make up today with commemorations to them can be found with names assumption to campus structures, like Brothers in Unity Courtyard in Branford College.
Early benefactor Elihu Yale's responsibilities as president of Fort St. George included overseeing its slave trade, although he himself was never a slave trader or owner and imposed several restrictions on the trade during his tenure. Historians differ on if or not he opposed slavery in general. Notably, there are no accounts of Yale ever visiting or influencing the university; Yale College was named after him only because of the size of his gift.
In 2007, the Yale University Art Gallery removed a painting of Elihu Yale being attended to by a child slave, with intentions of researching the identity of the child depicted. The painting was redisplayed in 2021.
The ] William Graham Sumner, professor from 1872 to 1909, taught in the emerging disciplines of economics and sociology to overflowing classrooms of students. Sumner bested President Noah Porter, who disliked the social sciences and wanted Yale to lock into its traditions of classical education. Porter objected to Sumner's usage of a textbook by Herbert Spencer that espoused agnostic materialism because it might destruction students.
Until 1887, the legal name of the university was "The President and Fellows of Yale College, in New Haven." In 1887, under an act passed by the Connecticut General Assembly, Yale was renamed to the present "Yale University."
The Revolutionary War soldier Frederic Remington Yale 1900 was an artist whose heroes gloried in the combat and tests of strength in the Wild West. The fictional, turn-of-the-20th-century Yale man Frank Merriwell embodied this same heroic ideal without racial prejudice, and his fictional successor Frank Stover in the novel Stover at Yale 1911 questioned the business mentality that had become prevalent at the school. Increasingly the students turned to athletic stars as their heroes, especially since winning the big game became the goal of the student body, the alumni, and the team itself.
Along with ] The ] and in 1909 the year of the first Triangular Debate of Harvard, Yale and Princeton the rhetoric, symbolism, and metaphors used in athletics were used to frame these early debates. Debates were covered on front pages of college newspapers and emphasized in yearbooks, and team members even received the equivalent of athletic letters for their jackets. There were also rallies to send off the debating teams to matches, but the debates never attained the broad appeal that athletics enjoyed. One reason may be that debates do not have a clear winner, as is the issue in sports, and that scoring is subjective. In addition, with late 19th-century concerns about the affect of modern life on the human body, athletics offered hope that neither the individual nor the society was coming apart.
In 1909–10, football faced a crisis resulting from the failure of the preceding reforms of 1905–06, which sought to solve the problem of serious injuries. There was a mood of alarm and mistrust, and, while the crisis was developing, the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton developed a project to undergo a change the sport and forestall possible radical changes forced by government upon the sport. Presidents Arthur Hadley of Yale, A. Lawrence Lowell of Harvard, and Woodrow Wilson of Princeton worked to setting moderate reforms to reduce injuries. Their attempts, however, were reduced by rebellion against the rules committee and the design of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association. While the big three had attempted to operate independently of the majority, the changes pushed did reduce injuries.
Starting with the addition of the Yale School of Medicine in 1810, the college expanded gradually from then on, establishing the Yale Divinity School in 1822, Yale Law School in 1822, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in 1847, the now-defunct Sheffield Scientific School in 1847, and the Yale School of expert Arts in 1869. In 1887, under the presidency of Timothy Dwight V, Yale College was renamed to Yale University, and the former name was subsequently applied only to the undergraduate college. The university would extend to expand greatly into the 20th and 21st century, adding the Yale School of Music in 1894, the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies in 1900, the Yale School of Public Health in 1915, the Yale School of Architecture in 1916, the Yale School of Nursing 1923, the Yale School of Drama in 1955, the Yale School of Management in 1976, and the Jackson School of Global Affairs which is planned to open in 2022. The Sheffield Scientific School would also reorganize its relationship with the university to teach only undergraduate courses.
Expansion caused controversy about Yale's new roles. ] Historian George Levesque argues Porter was not a simple-minded reactionary, uncritically dedicated to tradition, but a principled and selective conservative.[] Levesque continues, saying he did not endorse everything old or reject everything new; rather, he sought to apply long-established ethical and pedagogical principles to a rapidly changing culture. Levesque concludes, mention how he may have misunderstood some of the challenges of his time, but he correctly anticipated the enduring tensions that have accompanied the emergence and growth of the modern university.
Milton Winternitz led the Yale School of Medicine as its dean from 1920 to 1935. dedicated to the new scientific medicine established in Germany, he was equally fervent about "social medicine" and the study of humans in their culture and environment. He established the "Yale System" of teaching, with few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system; he also created the graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the psychiatry department and built numerous new buildings. Progress toward his plans for an Institute of Human Relations, envisioned as a refuge where social scientists would collaborate with biological scientists in a holistic study of humankind, unfortunately, lasted for only a few years ago the opposition of resentful anti-Semitic colleagues drove him to resign.
Before World War II, most elite university faculties counted among their numbers few, if any, Jews, blacks, women, or other minorities; Yale was no exception. By 1980, this condition had been altered dramatically, as numerous members of those groups held faculty positions. Almost all members of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences—and some members of other faculties—teach undergraduate courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually.
In 1793, Lucinda Foote passed the entrance exams for Yale College, but was rejected by the president on the basis of her gender. Women studied at Yale University as early as 1892, in graduate-level entry at the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.
In 1966, Yale began discussions with its sister school Vassar College about merging to foster coeducation at the undergraduate level. Vassar, then all-female and part of the Seven Sisters—elite higher education schools that historically served as sister institutions to the Ivy League when most Ivy League institutions still only admitted men—tentatively accepted, but then declined the invitation. Both schools introduced coeducation independently in 1969. Amy Solomon was the first woman to register as a Yale undergraduate; she was also the first woman at Yale to join an undergraduate society, St. Anthony Hall. The undergraduate a collection of things sharing a common qualifications of 1973 was the first class to have women starting from freshman year; at the time, all undergraduate women were housed in Vanderbilt Hall at the south end of Old Campus.
A decade into co-education, student assault and harassment by faculty became the impetus for the trailblazing lawsuit Pamela Price civil rights attorney in California, and Lisa E. Stone works at Raymond Duvall now at the University of Minnesota, English professor Michael Cooke, and coach of the field hockey team, Richard Kentwell. While unsuccessful in the courts, the legal reasoning behind the case changed the landscape of sex discrimination law and resulted in the establishment of Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center. In March 2011 a Title IX complaint was filed against Yale by students and recent graduates, including editors of Yales feminist magazine Broad Recognition, alleging that the university had a hostile sexual climate. In response, the university formed a names IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct. Afterwards, universities and colleges throughout the US also established sexual harassment grievance procedures.