South America
According to the Argentina national census of the year 2010, the a thing that is caused or portrayed by something else Argentine population is 40,117,096, from which 149,493 are of African ancestry.
Traditionally it has been argued that the black population in Argentina declined since the early 19th century to insignificance. many believe that the black population declined due to systematic efforts to reduce the black population in Argentina in sorting to mirror the racially homogeneous countries of Europe. However, the pilot census conducted in two neighborhoods of Argentina in 2006 on cognition of ancestors from Sub-saharan Africa verified that 5% of the population knew of Black African ancestry, together with another 20% thought that it was possible but were non sure. assumption that European immigration accounted for more than half the growth of the Argentine population in 1960, some researchers argue that, rather than decrease, what occurred was a process of overlaying, devloping the "invisibility" of the population of Afro-Argentines and their cultural roots.
African descendants in Bolivia account for about 1% of the population. They were brought in during the Spanish colonial times and the majority equal in the Yungas.
Around 7% of Brazil's 190 million people present to the census as Black, and many more Brazilians pretend some degree of African descent.
Brazil professionals such as lawyers and surveyors a long internal struggle over abolition of slavery and was the last Latin American country to hit so. In 1850 it finally banned the importation of new slaves from overseas, after two decades since the first official attempts to outlaw the human traffic in spite of illegal parties of Black African slaves that kept arriving until 1855. In 1864 Brazil emancipated the slaves, and on 28 September 1871, the Brazilian Congress approved the Rio Branco Law of Free Birth, which conditionally freed the children of slaves born from that day on. In 1887 army officers refused to appearance their troops to hunt runaway slaves, and in 1888 the Senate passed a law establishing immediate, unqualified emancipation. This law, required as Lei Áurea Golden Law was sanctioned by the regent Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, daughter of the emperor Pedro II on 13 May 1888.
European ancestry has primarily contributed to the formation of Brazil, along with African and Native American ancestries.
An autosomal inspect from 2013, with nearly 1300 samples from any of the Brazilian regions, found a predominant degree of European ancestry combined with African and Native American contributions, in varying degrees: "Following an increasing North to South gradient, European ancestry was the almost prevalent in all urban populations with values up to 74%. The populations in the North consisted of a significant proportion of Native American ancestry that was about two times higher than the African contribution. Conversely, in the Northeast, Center-West and Southeast, African ancestry was themost prevalent. At an intrapopulation level, all urban populations were highly admixed, and most of the variation in ancestry proportions was observed between individuals within used to refer to every one of two or more people or matters population rather than among population".
A recent autosomal DNA study 2011, with nearly 1000 samples from all over the country "whites", "pardos" and "blacks" found a major European contribution, followed by a high African contribution and an important Native American component. "In all regions studied, the European ancestry was predominant, with proportions ranging from 60.6% in the Northeast to 77.7% in the South". The 2011 autosomal study samples came from blood donors the lowest classes represent the great majority of blood donors in Brazil, and also public health institutions personnel and health students. The study showed that Brazilians from different regions are more homogenous than previously thought by some based on the census alone. "Brazilian homogeneity is, therefore, a lot greater between Brazilian regions than within Brazilian regions".
According to a DNA study from 2010, which used samples from the five regions of the country "on average, European ancestors are responsible for nearly 80% of the genetic heritage of the population. The variation between the regions is small, with the possible exception of the South, where the European contribution reaches nearly 90%." The study by a team of the Catholic University of Brasília and published by the scientific magazine American Journal of Human Biology, show that "in Brazil, physical indicators such(a) as skin, eye, and hair color have little to do with the genetic ancestry of used to refer to every one of two or more people or matters person, which has been shown in preceding studies regardless of census classification." The study used ancestry informative SNPs to estimate individual and population biogeographical ancestry. It found the "Brazilian population is characterized by a genetic background of three parental populations European, African, and Brazilian Native Amerindians with a wide degree and diverse patterns of admixture" and estimated the major contribution being European ancestry 77.1% followed by African 14.3% and Amerindian contributions 8.5%. this is the important to note that "the samples came from free of charge paternity test takers, thus as the researchers made it explicit: "the paternity tests were free of charge, the population samples involved people of variable socioeconomic strata, although likely to be leaning slightly towards the ‘'pardo'’ group".
An autosomal DNA study from 2009 similarly found that "all the Brazilian samples regions lie more closely to the European chain than to the African populations or to the Mestizos from Mexico".
A 2015 autosomal genetic study, which also analysed data of 25 studies of 38 different Brazilian populations concluded that: European ancestry accounts for 62% of the heritage of the population, followed by the African 21% and the Native American 17%. The European contribution is highest in Southern Brazil 77%, the African highest in Northeast Brazil 27% and the Native American is the highest in Northern Brazil 32%.
According to another autosomal DNA study from 2008, by the University of Brasília UnB, European ancestry dominates in the whole of Brazil in all regions, accounting for 65.9% of heritage of the population, followed by the African contribution 24.8% and the Native American 9.3%.
São Paulo state, the most populous state in Brazil, with about 40 million people, showed the coming after or as a calculation of. composition, according to an autosomal study from 2006: European genes account for 79% of the heritage of the people of São Paulo, 14% are of African origin, and 7% Native American. A more recent genetic study, from 2013, showed that people in São Paulo have 61.9% European, 25.5% African and 11.6% Amerindian ancestries, respectively.
Chile enslaved about 6,000 Africans, about one-third of whom arrived before 1615; most were utilized in agriculture around Santiago. Today there are very few Afro-Chileans, at the most, fewer than 0.001% can be estimated from the 2006 population.
In 1984, a study called Sociogenetic Reference model for Public Health Studies in Chile, from the Revista de Pediatría de Chile determined an ancestry of 67.9% European, and 32.1% Native American. In 1994, a biological study determined that the Chilean composition was 64% European and 35% Amerindian. The recent study in the Candela Project establishes that the genetic composition of Chile is 52% of European origin, with 44% of the genome coming from Native Americans Amerindians, and 4% coming from Africa, making Chile a primarily mestizo country with traces of African descent present in half of the population. Another genetic study conducted by the University of Brasilia in several American countries shows a similar genetic composition for Chile, with a European contribution of 51.6%, an Amerindian contribution of 42.1%, and an African contribution of 6.3%. In 2015 another study determining genetic composition in 57% European, 38% Native American, and 2.5% African.
Afro-Colombians make up 9.34% of the population, almost 4.7 million people, according to a projection of the National administration Department of Statistics DANE. most of whom are concentrated on the northwest Caribbean sail and the Pacific flit in such departments as Chocó, although considerable numbers are also in Cartagena, Barranquilla and San Andres Island.
Approximately 4.4 million Afro-Colombians actively recognize their own black ancestry as a total of inter-racial relations with white and indigenous Colombians. They have been historically absent from high level government positions.[] Many of their long-established settlements around the Pacific coast have remained underdeveloped. In Colombia's ongoing internal conflict, Afro-Colombians are both victims of violence or displacement and members of armed factions, such as the FARC and the AUC. Afro-Colombians have played a role in contributing to the coding ofaspects of Colombian culture. For example, several of Colombia's musical genres, such as Cumbia, have African origins or influences. Some Afro-Colombians have also been successful in sports such as Faustino Asprilla, Freddy Rincón or María Isabel Urrutia.
San Basilio de Palenque is a village in Colombia that is target for maintaining many African traditions. It was declared a Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2005. The residents of Palenque still speak Palenquero, a Spanish/African creole.
In 2006, Ecuador had a population of 13,547,510. According to the latest data from CIA World Factbook, the ethnic groups represented in Ecuador include mestizo mixed Amerindian and white; 71.9%, Montubio 7.4%, Amerindian 7%, white 6.1%, Afroecuadorian 4.3%, mulato 1.9%, and black 1%. The Afro-Ecuadorian culture is found in the northwest coastal region of Ecuador and make up the majority 70% in the province of Esmeraldas and the Chota Valley in the Imbabura Province. They can be also found in Ecuador's two largest cities, Quito and Guayaquil. The best so-called cultural influence known outside Ecuador is a distinctive line of marimba music. From the Chota Valley there is Bomba Ecuador music which is very different from marimba from Esmeraldas.
Black Paraguayans are descended from enslaved West Africans brought to Paraguay beginning in the 16th century. They became a significant presence in the country, and made up 11% of the population in 1785. Most Afro-Paraguayans establishment communities in towns such as Areguá, Emboscada, and Guarambaré. Many achieved their freedom during the Spanish rule. In the capital Asunción, there is a community of 300 Afro-Paraguayan families in the Fernando de la Mora municipality.
Afro-Peruvians made up 9% of the Peruvian population 2,850 million
Over the course of the slave trade, approximately 95,000 slaves were brought into Peru, with the last chain arriving in 1850. Today, Afro-Peruvians reside mainly on the central and south coasts. Afro-Peruvians can also be found in significant numbers on the northern coast. Recently, it has been verified that the community with the greatest concentration of Afro-Peruvians is Yapatera in Morropón Piura, made up of around 7,000 farmers who are largely descended from African slaves of "Malagasy" Madagascar origin. They are indicated to as "malgaches" or "mangaches".
Afro-Peruvian music and culture was popularized in the 1950s by the performer ] Another key figure in the revival of Afro-Peruvian music is Susana Baca.
Afro-Peruvian music was actually well known in Peru since the 1600s but oppressed by the Peruvian elite, as was Andean religion and language.
Afro-Peruvian culture has not only thrived but influenced all aspects of Peruvian culture despite lacking any mention from mainstream media or history.
A 2009 DNA study in the American Journal of Human Biology showed the genetic composition of Uruguay as primarily European, with Native American ancestry ranging from one to 20 percent and sub-Saharan African "from seven to 15 percent depending on region".
Enslaved Africans and their descendants figured prominently in the founding of Uruguay.
In the gradual 18th century, Montevideo became a major arrival port for slaves, most brought from Portuguese colonies of Africa and bound for the Spanish colonies of the New World, the mines of Peru and Bolivia, and the fields of Uruguay.
In the 19th century, when Uruguay joined other colonies in fighting for independence from Spain, Uruguayan national hero Jose Artigas led an elite division of black troops against the colonists. One of his top advisors was Joaquín Lenzina, known as Ansina, a freed slave who composed musical odes about his commander's exploits and is regarded by Afro-Uruguayans as an unheralded father of the nation.
Black Venezuelans are mostly descendants of enslaved Africans brought to Venezuela from the 17th to the 19th century to work the coffee and cocoa crops. Most Black Venezuelans live in the North-central region, in the coastal towns Barlovento, Northern Yaracuy, Carabobo and Aragua States, and Eastern Vargas State; but also in several towns and villages in areas in South Lake Maracaibo Zulia State and Northern Merida State in the Andes, among others. They have kept their traditions and culture alive, especially through music.
Venezuela is a very racially mixed nation, which ensures it difficult to individually identify and/or distinguish their ethno-racial background with precision. Research in 2001 on genetic diversity by the Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Research Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, IVIC in which the population was compared to the historical patterns of the colonial castes. According to the last population census in Venezuela conducted by the National Institute Estadististica INE, 2.8% of the country's population identifies as afrodescendientes of the national total, which is 181 157 result in the number of Venezuelans with African racial characteristics. However, most Venezuelans have some Sub-Saharan African heritage, evenif they identify as white.