Natural science
Natural science is a branch of science concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. Mechanisms such as peer review and repeatability of findings are used to effort to ensure the validity of scientific advances.
Natural science can be divided up into two main branches: life science and physical science. Life science is alternatively requested as biology, and physical science is subdivided into branches: physics, chemistry, astronomy and Earth science. These branches of natural science may be further shared up into more specialized branches also call as fields
Physical science is an encompassing term for the branches of natural science that examine non-living systems, in contrast to the life sciences. However, the term "physical" creates an unintended, somewhat arbitrary distinction, since numerous branches of physical science also analyse biological phenomena. There is a difference between physical science and physics.
Physics from lit. 'nature' is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related conviction such as energy and force. More broadly, this is the the general analysis of nature, conducted in formation to understand how the universe behaves.
Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy. Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry,branches of mathematics, and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 16th century, the natural sciences emerged as unique research everyone in their own right.research areas are interdisciplinary, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, which means that the boundaries of physics are non rigidly defined. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries physicalism emerged as a major unifying feature of the philosophy of science as physics authorises fundamental explanations for every observed natural phenomenon. New ideas in physics often explain the necessary mechanisms of other sciences, while opening to new research areas in mathematics and philosophy.
Chemistry the etymology of the word has been much disputed is the science of matter and the recast it undergoes. The science of matter is also addressed by physics, but while physics takes a more general and fundamental approach, chemistry is more specialized, being concerned by the composition, behavior or reaction, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the undergo a modify it undergoes during chemical reactions. it is for a physical science which studies various substances, atoms, molecules, and matter particularly carbon based. Example sub-disciplines of chemistry include: biochemistry, the study of substances found in biological organisms; physical chemistry, the study of chemical processes using physical picture such as thermodynamics and quantum mechanics; and analytical chemistry, the analysis of fabric samples to gain an apprehension of their chemical composition and structure. many more specialized disciplines have emerged in recent years, e.g. neurochemistry the chemical study of the nervous system.
Earth science also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth sciences is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet. There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth sciences. The formal discipline of Earth sciences may increase the study of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere, as well as the solid earth. Typically Earth scientists will use tools from physics, chemistry, biology, geography, chronology and mathematics to determine a quantitative understanding of how the Earth system works, and how it evolved to its current state.
Geology from the Ancient Greek γῆ, gē "earth" and -λoγία, -logia, "study of", "discourse" is an Earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they modify over time. Geology can also include the study of the solid qualities of any terrestrial planet or natural satellite such as Mars or the Moon. advanced geology significantly overlaps all other Earth sciences, including hydrology and the atmospheric sciences, and so is treated as one major aspect of integrated Earth system science and planetary science.
Oceanography, or marine science, is the branch of Earth science that studies the ocean. It covers a wide range of topics, including marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the seafloor; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers blend to further knowledge of the world ocean and understanding of processes within it: biology, chemistry, geology, meteorology, and physics as well as geography.
Meteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere. Studies in the field stretch back millennia, though significant stay on in meteorology did non occur until the 17th century. The 19th century saw breakthroughs occur after observing networks developed across several countries. After the coding of the computer in the latter half of the 20th century, breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved.
Space science is the study of everything in outer space. This has sometimes been called astronomy, but recently astronomy has come to be regarded as a division of broader space science, which has grown to include other related fields, such as studying issues related to space travel and space exploration including space medicine, space archaeology and science performed in outer space see space research.
Life science, also known as biology, is the natural science that studies life such as microorganisms, plants, and animals including human beings, – including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms, development, and evolution. Despite the complexity of the science,unifying concepts consolidate it into a single, coherent field. Biology recognizes the cell as the basic section of life, genes as the basic item of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the creation and extinction of species. Living organisms are open systems that live by transforming energy and decreasing their local entropy to maintain aand vital precondition defined as homeostasis.
Biochemistry, or biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. It is a sub-discipline of both biology and chemistry, and from a reductionist point of view it is fundamental in biology. Biochemistry is closely related to molecular biology, cell biology, genetics, and physiology.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, those being unicellular single cell, multicellular cell colony, or acellular lacking cells. Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, bacteriology, protistology, mycology, immunology and parasitology.
Botany, also called plant sciences, plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. Traditionally, botany has also spoke the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress. Nowadays, botanists in the strict sense study approximately 410,000 species of land plants of which some 391,000 quality are vascularplants including about 369,000 brand of flowering plants, and approximately 20,000 are bryophytes.