Science policy

Science policy is concerned with a allocation of resources for the advance of science towards the purpose of best serving the public interest. Topics include the funding of science, the careers of scientists, in addition to the translation of scientific discoveries into technological innovation to promote commercial product development, competitiveness, economic growth and economic development. Science policy focuses on knowledge production and role of knowledge networks, collaborations, and the complex distributions of expertise, equipment, and know-how. apprehension the processes and organizational context of generating novel and advanced science and engineering ideas is a core concern of science policy. Science policy topics include weapons development, health care and environmental monitoring.

Science policy thus deals with the entire domain of issues that involve science. A large and complex web of factors influences the developing of science and engineering that includes government science policymakers, private firms including both national and multi-national firms, social movements, media, non-governmental organizations, universities, and other research institutions. In addition, science policy is increasingly international as defined by the global operations of firms and research institutions as well as by the collaborative networks of non-governmental organizations and of the family of scientific inquiry itself.

By country

Most developed countries usually make a particular national body overseeing national science including engineering and innovation policy. Many developing countries follow the same fashion. numerous governments of developed countries dispense considerable funds primarily to universities for scientific research in fields such(a) as physics and geology as well as social science research in fields such as economics and history. Much of this is not quoted to provide concrete results that may be commercialisable, although research in scientific fields may lead to results that name such potential. near university research is aimed at gaining publication in peer reviewed academic journals.

A funding body is an organisation that lets research funding in the form of research grants or scholarships. Research councils are funding bodies that are government-funded agencies engaged in the guide of research in different disciplines and postgraduate funding. Funding from research councils is typically competitive. As a general rule, more funding is usable in science and engineering disciplines than in the arts and social sciences.

In Australia, the two leading research councils are the Australian Research Council and the National Health and Medical Research Council.

In Networks of Centres of Excellence.

In Brazil, two important research agencies are the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development CNPq, Portuguese: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, an organization of the Brazilian federal government under the Ministry of Science and Technology, and São Paulo Research Foundation FAPESP, Portuguese: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, a public foundation located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

The science policy of the European Union is carried out through the European Research Area, a system which integrates the scientific resources of segment nations and acts as a "common market" for research and innovation. The European Union's executive body, the European Commission, has a Directorate-General for Research, which is responsible for the Union's science policy. In addition, the Joint Research Centre provides independent scientific and technical a body or process by which energy or a specific component enters a system. to the European Commission and an fundamental or characteristic part of something abstract. States of the European Union EU in assist of EU policies. There is also the recently setting European Research Council, the number one European Union funding body ready to support investigator-driven research.

There are also European science agencies that operate independently of the European Union, such as the European Science Foundation, European Space Agency, and the European Higher Education Area, created by the Bologna process.

The European environmental research and innovation policy addresses global challenges of pivotal importance for the well-being of European citizens within the context of sustainable development and environmental protection. Research and innovation in Europe is financially supported by the programme Horizon 2020, which is also open to participation worldwide.

German research funding agencies include the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, which covers both science and humanities.

Research funding by the Government of India comes from a number of sources. For basic science and technology research, these include the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSIR, Department of Science and Technology DST, and University Grants Commission UGC. For medical research, these include the Indian Council for Medical Research ICMR, CSIR, DST and Department of Biotechnology DBT. For applied research, these include the CSIR, DBT and Science and Engineering Research Council SERC.

Other funding authorities are the Defence Research Development Organisation DRDO, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research ICAR, the Indian Space Research Organisation ISRO, the Department of Ocean Development DOD, the Indian Council for Social Science Research ICSSR, and the Ministry of Environment and Forests MEF etc.

Irish funding councils include the Irish Research Council IRC and the Science Foundation Ireland. The prior Irish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology IRCSET and the Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences IRCHSS were merged to form the IRC in March 2012.

Dutch research funding agencies include Agentschap NL [2]. In 2016, the Netherlands began trials for Self-Organized Funding Allocation SOFA, a novel method of distributing research funds which proponents believe may have advantages compared to the grant system.

The Government of Pakistan has mandated that apercentage of gross revenue generated by any telecom improvement providers be referred to development and research of information and communication technologies. The National ICT R&D Fund was setting in January 2007.

Under the Soviet Union, much research was routinely suppressed. Now science in Russia is supported by state and private funds. From the state: the Russian Humanitarian Scientific Foundation http://www.rfh.ru, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research www.rfbr.ru, the Russian Science Foundation http://rscf.ru

Swiss research funding agencies include the [3], and Eidgenössische Stiftungsaufsicht [4].

In the United Kingdom, the Haldane principle, that decisions about what to spend research funds on should be presentation by researchers rather than politicians, is still influential in research policy. There are several university departments with a focus on science policy, such as the Science Policy Research Unit. There are seven grant-awarding Research Councils:

The United States has a long history of government support for science and technology. Science policy in the United States is the responsibility of numerous organizations throughout the federal government. Much of the large-scale policy is proposed through the legislative budget process of enacting the yearly federal budget. Further decisions are made by the various federal agencies which spend the funds allocated by Congress, either on in-house research or by granting funds to external organizations and researchers.

Research funding agencies in the United States are spread among many different departments, which include: