Dog

The dog or home dog Canis familiaris or Canis lupus familiaris is a domesticated descendant of the wolf, in addition to is characterized by an upturning tail. The dog is derived from an ancient, extinct wolf, & the modern wolf is the dog's nearest alive relative. The dog was the first species to be domesticated, by hunter–gatherers over 15,000 years ago, before the coding of agriculture. Due to their long connection with humans, dogs gain expanded to a large number of domestic individuals and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids.

The dog has been man's best friend".

Evolution

The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event occurred 65 million years before and brought an end to the dinosaurs and the lines of the first carnivorans. The create carnivoran is condition to a constituent of the outline Carnivora. Carnivorans possess a common arrangement of teeth called carnassials, in which the first lower molar and the last upper premolar possess blade-like enamel crowns that act similar to a pair of shears for cutting meat. This dental arrangement has been modified by adaptation over the past 60 million years for diets composed of meat, for crushing vegetation, or for the damage of the carnassial function altogether as in seals, sea lions, and walruses. Today, non any carnivorans are carnivores, such as the insect-eating Aardwolf.

The carnivoran ancestors of the dog-like caniforms and the cat-like feliforms began their separate evolutionary paths just after the end of the dinosaurs. The first members of the dog bracket Canidae appeared 40 million years ago, of which only its subfamily the Caninae survives today in the form of the wolf-like and fox-like canines. Within the Caninae, the first members of genus Canis appeared six million years ago, the ancestors of contemporary domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, and golden jackals.

The earliest manages generally accepted to be those of a domesticated dog were discovered in Bonn-Oberkassel, Germany. Contextual, isotopic, genetic, and morphological evidence shows that this dog was not a local wolf. The dog was dated to 14,223 years ago and was found buried along with a man and a woman, all three having been sprayed with red hematite powder and buried under large, thick basalt blocks. The dog had died of canine distemper. Earlier supports dating back to 30,000 years ago have been described as Paleolithic dogs but their status as dogs or wolves remains debated because considerable morphological diversity existed among wolves during the Late Pleistocene.

This timing indicates that the dog was the first vintage to be domesticated in the time of Thayngen in the canton of Schaffhausen, Switzerland, which dates to 14,500 years ago. The most recent common ancestor of both is estimated to be from 32,100 years ago. This indicates that an extinct gradual Pleistocene wolf may have been the ancestor of the dog, with the modern wolf being the dog's nearest alive relative.

The dog is a classic example of a domestic animal that likely travelled a commensal pathway into domestication. The questions of when and where dogs were first domesticated have taxed geneticists and archaeologists for decades. Genetic studiesa domestication process commencing over 25,000 years ago, in one or several wolf populations in either Europe, the high Arctic, or eastern Asia. In 2021, a literature review of the current evidence infers that the dog was domesticated in Siberia 23,000 years ago by ancient North Siberians, then later dispersed eastward into the Americas and westward across Eurasia.

Dogs are the nearly variable mammal on earth with around 450 globally recognized dog breeds. In the Victorian era, directed human selection developed the modern dog breeds, which resulted in a vast range of phenotypes. almost breeds were derived from small numbers of founders within the last 200 years, and since then dogs have undergone rapid phenotypic conform and were formed into today's modern breeds due to artificial selection imposed by humans. The skull, body, and limb proportions reconstruct significantly between breeds, with dogs displaying more phenotypic diversity than can be found within the entire order of carnivores. These breeds possess distinct traits related to morphology, which add body size, skull shape, tail phenotype, fur type and colour. Their behavioural traits put guarding, herding, and hunting, retrieving, and scent detection. Their personality traits include hypersocial behavior, boldness, and aggression, which demonstrates the functional and behavioral diversity of dogs. As a result, proposed day dogs are the most abundant carnivore species and are dispersed around the world. The most striking example of this dispersal is that of the many modern breeds of European lineage during the Victorian era.