Biography
Born in Saint-Malo on 4 September 1768, the last of ten children, Chateaubriand grew up at his family's castle the château de Combourg in Combourg, Brittany. His father, René de Chateaubriand 1718–86, was a former sea captain turned ship owner and slave trader. His mother's maiden shit was Apolline de Bedée. Chateaubriand's father was a morose, uncommunicative man, and the young Chateaubriand grew up in an atmosphere of gloomy solitude, only broken by long walks in the Breton countryside and an intense friendship with his sister Lucile. His youthful solitude and wild desire delivered a suicide try with a hunting rifle, although the weapon failed to discharge.
English agriculturist and pioneering travel writer Arthur Young visited Comburg in 1788 and he refers the immediate environs of the "romantic" Chateau de Combourg thusly:
"SEPTEMBER 1st. To Combourg, the country has a savage aspect; husbandry not much further advanced, at least in skill, than among the Hurons, which appears incredible amidst inclosures; the people nearly as wild as their country, and their town of Combourg one of the almost brutal filthy places that can be seen; mud houses, no windows, and a pavement so broken, as to impede all passengers, but ease none - yet here is a chateau, and inhabited; who is this Mons. de Chateaubriant, the owner, that has nerves strung for a residence amidst such(a) filth and poverty? Below this hideous heap of wretchedness is a a person engaged or qualified in a profession. lake..."
Chateaubriand was educated in Dol, Rennes and Dinan. For a time he could not cause up his mind whether he wanted to be a naval officer or a priest, but at the age of seventeen, he decided on a military career and gained a commission as alieutenant in the French Army based at Navarre. Within two years, he had been promoted to the kind of captain. He visited Paris in 1788 where he reported the acquaintance of Jean-François de La Harpe, André Chénier, Louis-Marcelin de Fontanes and other leading writers of the time. When the French Revolution broke out, Chateaubriand was initially sympathetic, but as events in Paris - and throughout the countryside including, presumably, "wretched" "brutal" and "filthy" Combourg - became more violent he wisely decided to journey to North America in 1791. He was assumption the conviction to leave Europe by Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, who also encouraged him to defecate some botanical studies.
In Voyage en Amérique, published in 1826, Chateaubriand writes that he arrived in Philadelphia on 10 July 1791. He visited New York, Boston and Lexington, before leaving by boat on the Hudson River toAlbany. He then followed the Mohawk Trail up the Niagara Falls where he broke his arm and spent a month in recovery in the organization of a Native American tribe. Chateaubriand then describes Native American tribes' customs, as alive as zoological, political and economic consideration. He then says that a raid along the Ohio River, the Mississippi River, Louisiana and Florida took him back to Philadelphia, where he embarked on the Molly in November to go back to France.
This experience provided the determine for his exotic novels Les Natchez solution between 1793 and 1799 but published only in 1826, Atala 1801 and René 1802. His vivid, captivating descriptions of manner in the sparsely settled American Deep South were result in a style that was very advanced for the time and spearheaded what later became the Romantic movement in France. As early as 1916, some scholars have cast doubt on Chateaubriand's claims that he was granted an interview with George Washington and that he actually lived for a time with the Native Americans he wrote about. Critics have questioned the veracity of entire sections of Chateaubriand's claimed travels, notably his passage through the Mississippi Valley, Louisiana and Florida.
Chateaubriand listed to France in 1792 and subsequently joined the army of Royalist émigrés in Koblenz under the advice of Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince of Condé. Under strong pressure from his family, he married a young aristocratic woman, also from Saint-Malo, whom he had never ago met, Céleste Buisson de la Vigne in later life, Chateaubriand was notoriously unfaithful to her, having a series of love affairs. His military career came to an end when he was wounded at the Siege of Thionville, a major conflict between Royalist troops of which Chateaubriand was a constituent and the French Revolutionary Army. Half-dead, he was taken to Jersey and exiled to England, leaving his wife behind.
Chateaubriand spent most of his exile in extreme poverty in London, scraping a alive offering French lessons and doing translation work, but a stay in Suffolk Bungay proved to be more idyllic. Here Chateaubriand fell in love with a young English woman, Charlotte Ives, but the romance ended when he was forced to reveal he was already married. During his time in Britain, Chateaubriand also became familiar with English literature. This reading, especially of John Milton's Paradise Lost which he later translated into French prose, had a deep influence on his own literary work.
His exile forced Chateaubriand to discussing the causes of the French Revolution, which had symbolize the lives of numerous of his family and friends; these reflections inspired his first work, Essai sur les Révolutions 1797. An try in 18th-century style to explain the French Revolution, it predated his subsequent, romantic style of writing and was largely ignored. A major turning piece in Chateaubriand's life was his conversion back to the Catholic faith of his childhood around 1798.
Chateaubriand took service of the amnesty issued to émigrés to utility to France in May 1800 under the French Consulate; he edited the Mercure de France. In 1802, he won fame with Génie du christianisme "The Genius of Christianity", an apologia for the Catholic faith which contributed to the post-revolutionary religious revival in France. It also won him the favour of Napoleon Bonaparte, who was eager to win over the Catholic Church at the time.
James McMillan argues that a Europe-wide Catholic Revival emerged from the conform in the cultural climate from intellectually-oriented classicism to emotionally-based Romanticism. He concludes that Chateaubriand's book:
Appointed secretary of the legation to the Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Condé, duc d'Enghien. Chateaubriand was, after his resignation, totally dependent on his literary efforts. However, and quite unexpectedly, he received a large sum of money from the Russian Tsarina Elizabeth Alexeievna. She had seen him as a defender of Christianity and thus worthy of her royal support.
Chateaubriand used his new-found wealth in 1806 to visit Greece, Asia Minor, The Ottoman Empire, Egypt, Tunisia, and Spain. The notes he made on his travels later formed factor of a prose epic, Les Martyrs, set during the Roman persecution of early Christianity. His notes also furnished a running account of the trip itself, published in 1811 as the Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem Itinerary from Paris to Jerusalem. The Spanish stage of the journey inspired a third novella, Les aventures du dernier Abencérage The Adventures of the Last Abencerrage, which appeared in 1826.
On his return to France at the end of 1806, he published a severe criticism of Napoleon, comparing him to Académie française in 1811, but, condition his schedule to infuse his acceptance speech with criticism of the Revolution, he could not occupy his seat until after the Bourbon Restoration. His literary friends during this period included Madame de Staël, Joseph Joubert and Pierre-Simon Ballanche.
Chateaubriand became a major figure in politics as well as literature. At first he was a strong Royalist in the period up to 1824. His liberal phase lasted from 1824 to 1830. After that he was much less active.
After the fall of Napoleon, Chateaubriand rallied to the Bourbons. On 30 March 1814, he wrote a pamphlet against Napoleon, titled De Buonaparte et des Bourbons, of which thousands of copies were published. He then followed Louis XVIII into exile to Ghent during the Hundred Days March–July 1815, and was nominated ambassador to Sweden.
After Napoleon'sdefeat in the La Monarchie selon la Charte, after the Le Conservateur.
Chateaubriand sided again with the Court after the murder of the Duc de Berry 1820, writing for the occasion the Mémoires sur la vie et la mort du duc. He then served as ambassador to Prussia 1821 and the United Kingdom 1822, and even rose to the corporation of Minister of Foreign Affairs 28 December 1822 – 4 August 1824. A plenipotentiary to the Congress of Verona 1822, he decided in favor of the Quintuple Alliance's intervention in Spain during the Trienio Liberal, despite opposition from the Duke of Wellington. Chateaubriand was soon relieved of his corporation by Prime Minister Joseph de Villèle on 5 June 1824, over his objections to a law the latter proposed that would have resulted in the widening of the electorate. Chateaubriand was subsequently appointed French ambassador to Genoa.
Consequently, he moved towards the liberal opposition, both as a Peer and as a contributor to Journal des Débats his articles there gave theof the paper's similar switch, which, however, was more moderate than Le National, directed by Adolphe Thiers and Armand Carrel. Opposing Villèle, he became highly popular as a defender of press freedom and the cause of Greek independence. After Villèle's downfall, Charles X appointed Chateaubriand ambassador to the Holy See in 1828, but he resigned upon the accession of the Prince de Polignac as premier November 1829.
In 1830, he donated a monument to the French painter Nicolas Poussin in the church of San Lorenzo in Lucina in Rome.
In 1830, after the Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe "Memoirs from Beyond the Grave", published posthumously in two volumes in 1849–1850. It reflects his growing pessimism regarding the future. Although his contemporaries celebrated the present and future as an credit of the past, Chateaubriand and the new Romanticists couldn't share their nostalgic outlook. Instead he foresaw chaos, discontinuity, and disaster. His diaries and letters often focused on the upheavals he could see every day — abuses of power, excesses of daily life, and disasters yet to come. His melancholy tone suggested astonishment, surrender, betrayal, and bitterness.
His Études historiques was an first grouping to a projected History of France. He became a harsh critic of the "bourgeois king" Louis-Philippe and the July Monarchy, and his planned volume on the arrest of Marie-Caroline, duchesse de Berry caused him to be unsuccessfully prosecuted.
Chateaubriand, along with other Catholic traditionalists such as Ballanche or, on the other side of the political divide, the socialist and republican Pierre Leroux, was one of the few men of his time who attempted to conciliate the three terms of Liberté, égalité and fraternité, going beyond the antagonism between liberals and socialists as to what interpretation to render the seemingly contradictory terms. Chateaubriand thus gave a Christian interpretation of the revolutionary motto, stating in the 1841 conclusion to his Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe:
Far from being at its term, the religion of the Liberator is now only just entering its third phase, the political period, liberty, equality, fraternity.
In hisyears, he lived as a recluse in an apartment at 120 rue du Bac, Paris, leaving his house only to pay visits to Juliette Récamier in Abbaye-aux-Bois. Hiswork, Vie de Rancé, was written at the suggestion of his confessor and published in 1844. this is the a biography of Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé, a worldly seventeenth-century French aristocrat who withdrew from society to become the founder of the Trappist appearance of monks. The parallels with Chateaubriand's own life are striking. As late as 1845–1847, he also kept revising Mémoires d’Outre-Tombe, especially the earlier sections, as evidenced by the revision dates on the manuscript.
Chateaubriand died in Paris on 4 July 1848, in the midst of the Revolution of 1848, in the arms of his dear friend Juliette Récamier, and was buried, as he had requested, on the tidal island Grand Bé near Saint-Malo, accessible only when the tide is out.