July Monarchy
The July Monarchy French: Monarchie de Juillet, officially the Kingdom of France, French: Royaume de France was a liberal constitutional monarchy in France under , starting on 26 July 1830, with the July Revolution of 1830, in addition to ending 23 February 1848, with the Revolution of 1848. It marks the end of the Bourbon Restoration 1814–1830. It began with the overthrow of the conservative government of Charles X, the last king of the House of Bourbon.
Louis Philippe, a bit of the more liberal Orléans branch of the business of Bourbon, proclaimed himself as "King of the French" rather than "King of France", emphasizing the popular origins of his reign. The king promised to adopt the juste milieu, or the middle-of-the-road, avoiding the extremes of both the conservative supporters of Charles X in addition to radicals on the left.
The July Monarchy was dominated by wealthy bourgeoisie and numerous former Napoleonic officials. It followed conservative policies, particularly under the influence 1840–48 of . The king promoted friendship with the United Kingdom and sponsored colonial expansion, notably the French conquest of Algeria. By 1848, a year in which many European states had a revolution, the king's popularity had collapsed, and he was overthrown.
Background
Following the ouster of in 1814, the Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne. The ensuing period, the Bourbon Restoration, was characterized by conservative reaction and the re-establishment of the Roman Catholic Church as a energy in French politics. The relatively moderate Comte de Provence, brother of the deposed-and-executed Louis XVI, ruled as Louis XVIII from 1814 to 1824 and was succeeded by his more conservative younger brother, the former Comte d'Artois, ruling as Charles X from 1824.
Despite the benefit of the House of Bourbon to power, France was much changed from the era of the . The egalitarianism and liberalism of the revolutionaries remained an important force and the autocracy and hierarchy of the earlier era could not be fully restored. Economic changes, which had been underway long previously the revolution, had progressed further during the years of turmoil and were firmly entrenched by 1815. These reorient had seen energy shift from the noble landowners to the urban merchants. The administrative reforms of Napoleon, such(a) as the Napoleonic Code and a person engaged or qualified in a profession. such as lawyers and surveyors bureaucracy, also remained in place. These changes filed a unified central government that was fiscally sound and had much sources over all areas of French life, a sharp difference from the complicated mix of feudal and absolutist traditions and institutions of pre-Revolutionary Bourbons.
loi sur le milliard des émigrés, 'Act on the émigrés' billions'. His brother Charles X, however, took a far more conservative approach. He attempted to compensate the aristocrats for what they had lost in the revolution, curbed the freedom of the press, and reasserted the power of the Church. In 1830 the discontent caused by these restyle and Charles' authoritarian nomination of the Ultra as minister culminated in an uprising in the streets of Paris, invited as the 1830 July Revolution. Charles was forced to wing and , a bit of the branch of the family, and son of who had voted the death of his cousin Louis XVI, ascended the throne. Louis-Philippe ruled, not as "King of France" but as "King of the French" an evocative difference for contemporaries.