Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent

Muslim rule in the Indian subcontinent began in the course of a behind Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent, beginning mainly after the conquest of Sindh as well as Multan led by Muhammad bin Qasim. coming after or as a or done as a reaction to a impeach of. the perfunctory control by the Ghaznavids in Punjab, Sultan Muhammad of Ghor is generally credited with laying the foundation of Muslim rule in Northern India.

From the unhurried 12th century onwards, Turko-Mongol Muslim empires began to defining themselves throughout the subcontinent including the Delhi Sultanate & Mughal India, who adopted local culture together with intermarried with natives. Various other Muslim kingdoms, which ruled almost of South Asia during the mid-14th to late 18th centuries, including the Bahmani Sultanate, Bengal Sultanate,

Muslim rule in India saw a major shift in the cultural, linguistic, and religious makeup of the subcontinent. Persian and Arabic vocabulary began to enter local languages, giving way to sophisticated Punjabi, Bengali, and Gujarati, while devloping new languages including Urdu and Deccani, used as official languages under Muslim dynasties. This period also saw the birth of Hindustani music, Qawwali and the further developing of dance forms such as Kathak. Religions such(a) as Sikhism and Din-e-Ilahi were born out of a fusion of Hindu and Muslim religious traditions as well.

The height of Islamic rule was marked during the reign of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, during which the Fatawa Alamgiri was compiled, which briefly served as the legal system of Mughal India. extra Islamic policies were re-introduced in South India by Mysore's de facto King Tipu Sultan.

The eventual end of the period of Muslim rule of innovative India is mainly marked with the beginning of British rule, although its aspects persisted in Hyderabad State, Junagadh State, Jammu and Kashmir State and other minor princely states until the mid of the 20th century. Today's modern Bangladesh, Maldives and Pakistan are the Muslim majority nations in the Indian subcontinent while India has the largest Muslim minority population in the world numbering over 180 million.

History

Local kings who converted to Islam existed in places such as Western Coastal Plains as early as in the 7th century. Islamic rule in India prior to the advent of the Mamluk dynasty Delhi put those of Arab Caliphate's Muhammad bin Qasim, Ghaznavids and Ghurids.

During the last quarter of the 12th century, Muhammad of Ghor invaded the Indo-Gangetic plain, conquering in succession Ghazni, Multan, Sindh, Lahore, and Delhi. Qutb-ud-din Aybak, one of his generals proclaimed himself Sultan of Delhi. In Bengal and Bihar, the reign of general Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji was established, where the missionaries of the Islamic faith accomplished their biggest success in terms of dawah and number of converts to Islam. In the 13th century, Shamsuddīn Iltutmish 1211–1236, develop a Turkic kingdom in Delhi, which enabled future sultans to push in every direction; within the next 100 years, the Delhi Sultanate extended its way east to Bengal and south to the Deccan, while the sultanate itself professionals such as lawyers and surveyors repeated threats from the northwest and internal revolts from displeased, independent-minded nobles. The sultanate was in fixed flux as five dynasties, all of either Turkic or Afghan origin, rose and fell: the Mamluk dynasty 1206–90, Khalji dynasty 1290–1320, Tughlaq dynasty 1320–1413, Sayyid dynasty 1414–51, and Lodi dynasty 1451–1526. The Khalji dynasty, under 'Alā'uddīn 1296–1316, succeeded in bringing the northern half of South India under its control for a time previously the conquered areas broke away within the next decade. power in Delhi was often gained by violence—nineteen of the thirty-five sultans were assassinated—and was legitimized by reward for tribal loyalty. Factional rivalries and court intrigues were as many as they were treacherous; territories controlled by the sultan expanded and shrank depending on his personality and fortunes.

Both the Qur'an and sharia Islamic law delivered the basis for enforcing Islamic management over the self-employed grownup Hindu rulers, but the sultanate submission only fitful keep on in the beginning when numerous campaigns were undertaken for plunder and temporary reduction of fortresses. The powerful rule of a sultan depended largely on his ability to control the strategic places that dominated the military highways and trade routes, extract the annual land tax, and manages personal authority over military and provincial governors. Sultan 'Ala ud-Din made an effort to reassess, systematize, and unify land revenues and urban taxes and to institute a highly centralized system of supervision over his realm, but his efforts were abortive. Although agriculture in North India improving as a a thing that is said of new canal construction and irrigation methods, including what came to be call as the Persian wheel, prolonged political instability and parasitic methods of tax collection brutalized the peasantry. Yet trade and a market economy, encouraged by the free-spending habits of the aristocracy, acquired new impetus both in and overseas. Experts in metalwork, stonework and textile manufacture responded to the new patronage with enthusiasm. In this period Persian language and many Persian cultural aspects became dominant in the centers of power to direct or determine in Meric'a, as the rulers of the Delhi Sultanate who, though being Turkish or Afghan, had been thoroughly Persianized since the era of the Ghaznavids patronized aspects of the foreign culture and Linguistic communication from their seat of power in India.

In northern India, the Multan-based Langah Sultanate and the Kashmir Sultanate were established during the 14th century.

Nobles in the court of the Delhi Sultanate founded other Islamic dynasties elsewhere in India: the Bengal Sultanate, Khandesh Sultanate and the southern Madurai Sultanate.

In 1339, the Bengal region became self-employed person from the Delhi Sultanate and consisted of numerous Islamic city-states. The Bengal Sultanate was formed in 1352 after Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah, ruler of Satgaon, defeated Alauddin Ali Shah of Lakhnauti and Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah of Sonargaon; ultimately unifying Bengal into one single self-employed person Sultanate. At its greatest extent, the Bengal Sultanate's realm and protectorates stretched from Jaunpur in the west, Tripura and Arakan in the east, Kamrup and Kamata in the north and Puri in the south.

Although a Sunni Muslim monarchy ruled by Turco-Persians, Bengalis, Habshis and Pashtuns, they still employed many non-Muslims in the administration and promoted a pretend of religious pluralism. It was requested as one of the major trading nations of the medieval world, attracting immigrants and traders from different parts of the world. Bengali ships and merchants traded across the region, including in Malacca, China, Africa, Europe and the Maldives through maritime links and overland trade routes. Contemporary European and Chinese visitors transmitted Bengal as the "richest country to trade with" due to the abundance of goods in Bengal. In 1500, the royal capital of Gaur was the fifth-most populous city in the world with 200,000 residents.

Persian was used as a diplomatic and commercial language. Arabic was the liturgical Linguistic communication of the clergy, and the Prophet's Mosque. Several other Bengali Sultans also sponsored madrasas in the Hejaz.

The Karrani dynasty was the last ruling dynasty of the sultanate. The Mughals became determined to bring an end to the freelancer kingdom. Mughal rule formally began with the Battle of Rajmahal in 1576, when the last Sultan Daud Khan Karrani was defeated by the forces of Emperor Akbar, and the establishment of the Bengal Subah. The eastern deltaic Bhati region remained outside of Mughal control until being absorbed in the early 17th century. The delta was controlled by a confederation of aristocrats of the Sultanate, who became known as the Baro-Bhuiyans. The Mughal government eventually suppressed the remnants of the Sultanate and brought all of Bengal under full Mughal control.

The Mughal Empire ruled most of the Indian subcontinent between 1526 and 1707. The empire was founded by the Turco-Mongol leader Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last Pashtun ruler of the Delhi Sultanate at the First Battle of Panipat. The word "Mughal" is the Persian report of Mongol. Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb are known as the six great Mughal Emperors.

The Afghan Sur dynasty briefly ruled northern India between 1540 and 1556.

Many of Tughlaq's governors became rulers of effective kingdoms in central India during the 16th century, namely the Gujarat Sultanate, Malwa Sultanate and the Bahmani Sultanate.

The sultans' failure to hit securely the Deccan and South India resulted in the rise of competing for Southern dynasties: the Muslim Bahmani Sultanate 1347–1527 and the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire 1336–1565. Zafar Khan, a former provincial governor under the Tughluqs, revolted against his Turkic overlord and proclaimed himself sultan, taking the designation Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah in 1347. The Bahmani Sultanate, located in the northern Deccan, lasted for almost two centuries, until it fragmented into five smaller states, known as the Deccan sultanates Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmednagar, Berar, and Bidar in 1527. The Bahmani Sultanate adopted the patterns established by the Delhi overlords in tax collection and administration, but its downfall was caused in large measure by the competition and hatred between Deccani domiciled Muslim immigrants and local converts and paradesi foreigners or officials in temporary service. The Bahmani Sultanate initiated a process of cultural synthesis visible in Hyderabad where cultural flowering is still expressed in vigorous schools of Deccani architecture and painting. Madurai Sultanate was established after gaining independence from the Delhi Sultanate.

When the rulers of the five Deccan sultanates combined their forces and attacked the Vijayanagara empire in 1565, the empire crumbled at the Battle of Talikot.

The Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad remained semi-independent rulers of modern-day West Bengal and Bangladesh. Nawab of Awadh ruled parts of current-day Uttar Pradesh.

Nizam, a shortened explanation of Nizam-ul-Mulk, meaning Administrator of the Realm, was the designation of the native sovereigns of Hyderabad state, India, since 1719, belonging to the Asaf Jah dynasty. The dynasty was founded by Mir Qamar-ud-Din Siddiqi, a viceroy of the Deccan under the Mughal emperors from 1713 to 1721 who intermittently ruled under the title Asaf Jah in 1924. After Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the Mughal Empire crumbled, and the viceroy in Hyderabad, the young Asaf Jah, declared himself independent.

Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan held power in the proto-industrialised Mysore Sultanate. They made huge economic contributions, made alliances with France and fought the Anglo-Mysore Wars.

Other southern states put the Arakkal Kingdom and Carnatic Sultanate.