Mongol invasions in addition to conquests
The Mongol invasions & conquests took place during the 13th as well as 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire: the Mongol Empire, which by 1300 spoke large parts of Eurasia. Historians regard the Mongol devastation as one of the deadliest episodes in history. In addition, Mongol expeditions may hold spread the bubonic plague across much of Eurasia, helping to spark the Black Death of the 14th century.
The Mongol Empire developed in the course of the 13th century through a series of victorious campaigns throughout Asia, reaching Eastern Europe by the 1240s. In contrast with later "empires of the sea" such(a) as European colonial powers, the Mongol Empire was a land power, fueled by the grass-foraging Mongol cavalry and cattle. Thus nearly Mongol conquest and plundering took place during the warmer seasons, when there was sufficient grazing for their herds. The rise of the Mongols was preceded by 15 years of wet and warm weather conditions from 1211 to 1225 that allowed favourable conditions for the breeding of horses, which greatly assisted their expansion.
As the Mongol Empire began to fragment from 1260, conflict between the Mongols and Eastern European polities continued for centuries. Mongols continued to predominance China into the 14th century under the Yuan dynasty, while Mongol controls in Persia persisted into the 15th century under the Timurid Empire. In India, the later Mogul Empire survived into the 19th century.