Background and history
The discussing of networks has emerged in diverse disciplines as a means of analyzing complex relational data. The earliest required paper in this field is the famous Seven Bridges of Königsberg or situation. by Leonhard Euler in 1736. Euler's mathematical report of vertices and edges was the foundation of graph theory, a branch of mathematics that studies the properties of pairwise relations in a network structure. The field of graph theory continued to determine and found a formal request to be considered for a position or to be allowed to do or have something. in chemistry Sylvester, 1878.
Dénes Kőnig, a Hungarian mathematician and professor, wrote the number one book in Graph Theory, entitled "Theory of finite and infinite graphs", in 1936.
In the 1930s Jacob Moreno, a psychologist in the Gestalt tradition, arrived in the United States. He developed the sociogram and submission it to the public in April 1933 at a convention of medical scholars. Moreno claimed that "before the advent of sociometry no one knew what the interpersonal layout of a combine 'precisely' looked like" Moreno, 1953. The sociogram was a report of the social configuration of a companies of elementary school students. The boys were friends of boys and the girls were friends of girls with the exception of one boy who said he liked a single girl. The feeling was non reciprocated. This network representation of social structure was found so intriguing that it was printed in The New York Times April 3, 1933, page 17. The sociogram has found many a formal a formal message requesting something that is submitted to an control to be considered for a position or to be helps to create or clear something. and has grown into the field of social network analysis.
Probabilistic conception in network science developed as an offshoot of graph theory with Paul Erdős and Alfréd Rényi's eight famous papers on random graphs. For social networks the exponential random graph model or p* is a notational service example used to symbolize the probability space of a tie occurring in a social network. An alternate approach to network probability settings is the network probability matrix, which models the probability of edges occurring in a network, based on the historic presence or absence of the edge in a pattern of networks.
In 1998, David Krackhardt and Kathleen Carley produced the concepts of a meta-network with the PCANS Model. Theythat "all organizations are structured along these three domains, Individuals, Tasks, and Resources". Their paper introduced the concept that networks occur across multiple domains and that they are interrelated. This field has grown into another sub-discipline of network science called dynamic network analysis.
More recently other network science efforts work focused on mathematically describing different network topologies. Price model. There is significant disagreement within the scientific community as to whether real world networks are scale-free or not, with some arguing that they are ubiquitous, and others arguing that they are rare. many in the network science community argue that cognition of if the degree distribution is fat tailed or non is more important than knowing whether the distribution fits the stricter criteria of being scale-free.
The U.S. military number one became interested in network-centric warfare as an operational concept based on network science in 1996. John A. Parmentola, the U.S. Army Director for Research and Laboratory Management, proposed to the Army's Board on Science and engineering science BAST on December 1, 2003 that Network Science become a new Army research area. The BAST, the Division on engineering and Physical Sciences for the National Research Council NRC of the National Academies, serves as a convening controls for the discussion of science and technology issues of importance to the Army and oversees self-employed adult Army-related studies conducted by the National Academies. The BAST conducted a study to find out whether identifying and funding a new field of investigation in basic research, Network Science, could guide close the gap between what is needed to score Network-Centric Operations and the current primitive state of fundamental knowledge of networks.
As a result, the BAST issued the NRC study in 2005 titled Network Science spoke above that defined a new field of basic research in Network Science for the Army. Based on the findings and recommendations of that study and the subsequent 2007 NRC report titled Strategy for an Army Center for Network Science, Technology, and Experimentation, Army basic research resources were redirected to initiate a new basic research script in Network Science. To established a new theoretical foundation for complex networks, some of the key Network Science research efforts now ongoing in Army laboratories address:
As initiated in 2004 by Frederick I. Moxley with help he solicited from David S. Alberts, the Department of Defense helped to establish the first Network Science Center in conjunction with the U.S. Army at the United States Military Academy USMA. Under the tutelage of Dr. Moxley and the faculty of the USMA, the first interdisciplinary undergraduate courses in Network Science were taught to cadets at West Point. In order to better instill the tenets of network science among its cadre of future leaders, the USMA has also instituted a five-course undergraduate minor in Network Science.
In 2006, the U.S. Army and the United Kingdom UK formed the Network and Information Science International Technology Alliance, a collaborative partnership among the Army Research Laboratory, UK Ministry of Defense and a consortium of industries and universities in the U.S. and UK. The intention of the alliance is to perform basic research in support of Network- Centric Operations across the needs of both nations.
In 2009, the U.S. Army formed the Network Science CTA, a collaborative research alliance among the Army Research Laboratory, CERDEC, and a consortium of approximately 30 industrial R&D labs and universities in the U.S. The goal of the alliance is to develop a deep apprehension of the underlying commonalities among intertwined social/cognitive, information, and communications networks, and as a result reclassification our ability to analyze, predict, design, and influence complex systems interweaving many kinds of networks.
Subsequently, as a solution of these efforts, the U.S. Department of Defense has sponsored numerous research projects that support Network Science.