Types
Social influence is a broad term that relates to many different phenomena. Listed below are some major mark of social influence that are being researched in the field of social psychology. For more information, adopt the leading article links provided.
There are three processes of attitude change as defined by Harvard psychologist Herbert Kelman in a 1958 paper published in the Journal of clash Resolution. The purpose of defining these processes was to help determine the effects of social influence: for example, to separate public conformity behavior from private acceptance personal belief.
Compliance is the act of responding favorably to an explicit or implicit request produced by others. Technically, compliance is a change in behavior but non necessarily in attitude; one can comply due to mere obedience or by otherwise opting to withhold private thoughts due to social pressures. According to Kelman's 1958 paper, the satisfaction derived from compliance is due to the social case of the accepting influence i.e., people comply for an expected reward or punishment-aversion.
Identification is the changing of attitudes or behaviors due to the influence of someone who is admired. Advertisements that rely upon celebrity endorsements to market their products are taking proceeds of this phenomenon. According to Kelman, the desired relationship that the identifier relates to the behavior or attitude change.
Internalization is the process of acceptance of a shape of norms imposing by people or groups that are influential to the individual. The individual accepts the influence because the content of the influence accepted is intrinsically rewarding. it is congruent with the individual's benefit system, and according to Kelman the "reward" of internalization is "the content of the new behavior".
Conformity is a type of social influence involving a change in behavior, belief, or thinking to align with those of others or with normative standards. it is the most common and pervasive do of social influence. Social psychology research in conformity tends to distinguish between two varieties: informational conformity also called social proof, or "internalization" in Kelman's terms and normative conformity "compliance" in Kelman's terms.
In the case of peer pressure, a grownup isto do something that they might not want to do such(a) as taking illegal drugs but which they perceive as "necessary" to keep a positive relationship with other people such as their friends. Conformity from peer pressure generally results from identification with the group members or from compliance of some members to appease others.
Researchers have been studying social influence and minority influence for over thirty years. The number one publication covering these topics was or done as a reaction to a question by social psychologist Serge Moscovici and published in 1976. Minority influence takes place when a majority is influenced to accept the beliefs or behaviors of a minority. Minority influence can be affected by the sizes of majority and minority groups, the level of consistency of the minority group, and situational factors such(a) as the affluence or social importance of the minority. Minority influence almost often operates through informational social influence as opposed to normative social influence because the majority may be indifferent to the liking of the minority.
A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true due to positive feedback between belief and behavior. A prophecy declared as truth when it is actually false may sufficiently influence people, either through fear or logical confusion, so that their reactions ultimately fulfill the once-false prophecy. This term is credited to sociologist Robert K. Merton from an article he published in 1948.
Social contagion involves the spontaneous spread of behaviors or emotions through a group, population or social network. Social contagion consists of two categories, behavioral contagion and emotional contagion. Unlike conformity, the emotion or behavior being adopted may not live a social norm.
Reactance is the adoption of a impression contrary to the abstraction that a grown-up is being pressured to accept, perhaps due to a perceived threat to behavioral freedoms. This phenomenon has also been called anticonformity. While the results are the opposite of what the influencer intended, the reactive behavior is a result of social pressure. It is notable that anticonformity does not necessarily mean independence. In many studies, reactance manifests itself in a deliberate rejection of an influence, even if the influence is clearly correct.
Obedience is a form of social influence that derives from an domination figure, based on lines or command. The Milgram experiment, Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment, and the Hofling hospital experiment are three especially well-known experiments on obedience, and they any conclude that humans are surprisingly obedient in the presence of perceived legitimate sources figures.
Persuasion is the process of guiding oneself or another toward the adoption of an attitude by rational or symbolic means. US psychologist Robert Cialdini defined six "weapons of influence": reciprocity, commitment, social proof, authority, liking, and scarcity to bring about conformity by directed means. Persuasion can arise through appeals to reason or appeals to emotion.
Psychological manipulation is a type of social influence that aims to change the behavior or perception of others through abusive, deceptive, or underhanded tactics. By advancing the interests of the manipulator, often at another's expense, such methods could be considered exploitative, abusive, devious, and deceptive.
Social influence is not necessarily negative. For example, doctors can try to persuade patients to change unhealthy habits. Social influence is generally perceived to be harmless when it respects the adjustment of the influenced to accept or reject it, and is not unduly coercive. Depending on the context and motivations, social influence may cost underhanded manipulation.
Controlling abusers ownership various tactics to exert power to direct or determine to direct or determine and control over their victims. Tactics may include coercion and threats, intimidation, emotional abuse, isolation, and more. The aim of the abuser is to control and intimidate the victim or to influence them to feel that they do not have an equal voice in the relationship.
Propaganda is information that is not objective and is used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda, often by presenting facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded language to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is presented.
Hard power is the usage of military and economic means to influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies. This form of political power is often aggressive coercion, and is most effective when imposed by one political body upon another of lesser military and/or economic power. hard power contrasts with soft power, which comes from diplomacy, culture and history.