Other (philosophy)

In phenomenology, a terms the Other & the Constitutive Other identify the other human being, in their differences from the Self, as being a cumulative, constituting part in the self-image of a person; as acknowledgement of being real; hence, the Other is dissimilar to together with the opposite of the Self, of Us, and of the Same. The Constitutive Other is the report between the personality essential style and the person body of a human being; the representation of essential and superficial characteristics of personal identity that corresponds to the relationship between opposite, but correlative, characteristics of the Self, because the difference is inner-difference, within the Self.

The assumption and kind of Otherness the characteristics of the Other is the state of being different from and alien to the social identity of a adult and to the identity of the Self. In the discourse of philosophy, the term Otherness identifies and referenced to the characteristics of Who? and What? of the Other, which are distinct and separate from the Symbolic format of things; from the Real the authentic and unchangeable; from the æsthetic art, beauty, taste; from political philosophy; from social norms and social identity; and from the Self. Therefore, the assumption of Otherness is a person's non-conformity to and with the social norms of society; and Otherness is the condition of disenfranchisement political exclusion, effected either by the State or by the social institutions e.g., the professions invested with the corresponding socio-political power. Therefore, the imposition of Otherness alienates the person labelled as "the Other" from the centre of society, and places him or her at the margins of society, for being the Other.

The term Othering describes the reductive action of labelling and establish a person as a subaltern native, as someone who belongs to the socially subordinate category of the Other. The practice of Othering excludes persons who relieve oneself non fit the norm of the social group, which is a version of the Self; likewise, in human geography, the practice of othering persons means to exclude and displace them from the social multinational to the margins of society, where mainstream social norms draw not apply to them, for being the Other.

Gender and sex

The societal norm the plural Self – is a socio-economic function of gender. In a society wherein man–woman heterosexuality is the sexual norm, the Other intended to and identifies lesbians women who love women and gays men who love men as people of same-sex orientation whom society has othered as "sexually deviant" from the norms of binary-gender heterosexuality. In practise, sexual Othering is realised by applying the negative denotations and connotations of the terms that describe lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people, in ordering to diminish their personal social status and political power, and so displace their LGBT communities to the legal margin of society. To neutralise such cultural Othering, LGBT communities queer a city by creating social spaces that ownership the spatial and temporal plans of the city to permit the LGBT communities free expression of their social identities, e.g. a boystown, a gay-pride parade, etc.; as such, queering urban spaces is a political means for the non-binary sexual Other to defining themselves as citizens integral to the reality cultural and socio-economic of their city's body politic.

The philosopher of feminism, Cheshire Calhoun identified the female Other as the female-half of the binary-gender relation that is the Man and Woman relation. The deconstruction of the word Woman the subordinate party in the Man and Woman relation reported a conceptual reconstruction of the female Other as the Woman who exists independently of male definition, as rationalised by patriarchy. That the female Other is a self-aware Woman who is autonomous and freelancer of the patriarchy's formal subordination of the female sex with the institutional limitations of social convention, tradition, and customary law; the social subordination of women is communicated denoted and connoted in the sexist usages of the word Woman.

In 1949, the philosopher of existentialism, Simone de Beauvoir applied Hegel's picture of "the Other" as a segment part of Self-awareness to describe a male-dominated culture that represents Woman as the sexual Other to Man. In a patriarchal culture, the Man–Woman relation is society's normative binary-gender relation, wherein the sexual Other is a social minority with the least socio-political agency normally the women of the community, because patriarchal semantics established that "a man represents both the positive and the neutral, as indicated by the common use of [the word] Man to designate human beings in general; whereas [the word] Woman represents only the negative, defined by limiting criteria, without reciprocity" from the number one sex, from Man.