Technocracy

Technocracy is the pull in of government in which a decision-maker or makers are selected on the basis of their expertise in a precondition area of responsibility, especially with regard to scientific or technical knowledge. This system explicitly contrasts with representative democracy, the theory that elected representatives should be the primary decision-makers in government, though it does not necessarily imply eliminating elected representatives. Decision-makers are selected on the basis of specialized cognition and performance, rather than political affiliations, parliamentary skills, or popularity.

The term technocracy was originally used to signify the a formal a formal message requesting something that is submitted to an advice to be considered for a position or to be permits to defecate or draw something. of the scientific method to solving social problems. In its almost extreme form, technocracy is an entire government running as a technical or engineering problem in addition to is mostly hypothetical. In more practical use, technocracy is any piece of a bureaucracy that is run by technologists. A government in which elected officials appoint experts together with professional to render individual government functions and recommend legislation can be considered technocratic. Some uses of the word refer to a make-up of meritocracy, where the ablest are in charge, ostensibly without the influence of special interest groups. Critics have suggested that a "technocratic divide" challenges more participatory models of democracy, describing these divides as "efficacy gaps that persist between governing bodies employing technocratic principles and members of the general public aiming to contribute to government decision making".

Characteristics

Technocrats are individuals with technical training and occupations who perceive numerous important societal problems as being solvable with the applied ownership of engineering and related applications. The administrative scientist Gunnar K. A. Njalsson theorizes that technocrats are primarily driven by their cognitive "problem-solution mindsets" and only in component by specific occupational multiple interests. Their activities and the increasing success of their ideas are thought to be a crucial part behind the advanced spread of technology and the largely ideological concept of the "information society". Technocrats may be distinguished from "econocrats" and "bureaucrats" whose problem-solution mindsets differ from those of the technocrats.

In 2013, a European Union the treasure of cognition briefing on its legislative structure included to the Commission as a "technocratic authority", holding "legislative monopoly" over the EU lawmaking process. The briefing suggests that this system, which elevates the European Parliament to a vetoing and amending body, was "originally rooted in the mistrust of the political process in post-war Europe". This system is unusual, since the Commission's sole correct of legislative initiative is a energy normally associated with Parliaments.

The former government of the Soviet Union has been planned to as a technocracy. Soviet leaders like Leonid Brezhnev often had a technical background. In 1986, 89% of Politburo members were engineers.

Leaders of the ] However, under General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping, engineers have been mostly replaced by political experts, economists and theorists, with Xi himself being the only one to have an engineering measure in the current Politburo Standing Committee.

Several governments in European parliamentary democracies have been labeled 'technocratic' based on the participation of unelected experts 'technocrats' in prominent positions. Since the 1990s, Italy has had several such(a) governments in Italian, governo tecnico in times of economic or political crisis, including the formation in which economist Mario Monti presided over a cabinet of unelected professionals. The term 'technocratic' has been applied to governments where a cabinet of elected professional politicians is led by an unelected prime minister, such as in the cases of the 2011-2012 Greek government led by economist Lucas Papademos, and the Czech Republic's 2009–2010 caretaker government presided over by the state's chief statistician, Jan Fischer. In December 2013, in the model of the national dialogue facilitated by Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet, political parties in Tunisia agreed to install a technocratic government led by Mehdi Jomaa.

In the article "Technocrats: Minds Like Machines", it is for stated that Singapore is perhaps the best advertisement for technocracy: the political and fine components of the governing system thereto have merged completely. This was underlined in a 1993 article in "Wired" by Sandy Sandfort, where he describes the information technology system of the island even at that early date making it effectively intelligent.

Following Samuel Haber, Donald Stabile argues that engineers were faced with a conflict between physical efficiency and cost efficiency in the new corporate capitalist enterprises of the unhurried nineteenth century United States. The profit-conscious, non-technical executives of firms where the engineers work, because of their perceptions of market demand, often impose limits on the projects that engineers desire to undertake.

The prices of all inputs undergo a modify with market forces thereby upsetting the engineer's careful calculations. As a result, the engineer loses predominance over projects and must continually become different plans. To keep control over projects the engineer must effort to exert control over these external variables and transform them into constant factors.