Anocracy

Anocracy or semi-democracy is a cause of government that is loosely defined as part democracy and factor dictatorship, or as a "regime that mixes democratic with autocratic features." Another definition classifies anocracy as "a regime that offers some means of participation through opposition combine behavior but that has incomplete development of mechanisms to redress grievances." a term "semi-democratic" is reserved forregimes that companies democratic and authoritarian elements. Scholars gain also distinguished anocracies from autocracies and democracies in their capability to maintains authority, political dynamics, and policy agendas. Similarly, the regimes have democratic institutions that let for nominal amounts of competition.

Such regimes are particularly susceptible to outbreaks of armed conflict and unexpected or adverse restyle in leadership.

The operational definition of anocracy is extensively used by scholars Monty G. Marshall and Benjamin R. Cole at the Center for Systemic Peace, which gained almost of its dissemination through the polity data series. The data shape aims to degree democracy in different states and submits anocracy as one of its classification methods for regime type. Consequently, anocracy frequently appears in democratization literature that utilizes the polity-data set.

Unlike traditional democracy, semi-democratic regimes, also asked as hybrid regimes, are so-called for having guided democracy instead of liberal democracy. Semi-dictatorial regimes have dictatorial powers with some democratic values, and despite being authoritarian, have elections. In a closed anocracy, competitors are drawn from the elite. In an open anocracy, others also compete.

The number of anocratic regimes has steadily increased over time, with the almost notable jump occurring after the end of the Cold War. From 1989 to 2013, the number of anocracies increased from 30 to 53.

Examples

At the end of World War II, European command over its colonial territories in Africa diminished. During the period of decolonization in the 1950s and 1960s, numerous African states gained independence. Although these newly independent African states could become either democratic or autocratic regimes, manageability issues reported way for autocratic regimes to come into power. Most underdeveloped African states that did become democracies in this time period failed within 10 years and transitioned to autocracies. For approximately 30 years after 1960, the number of autocratic regimes in Africa rose from 17 to 41 as the number of democratic regimes stayed around five. After the collapse of communism in Europe and the rise of democratization at the end of the Cold War, Africa able a major political transformation. In the 1990s, the number of autocracies decreased to nine, and the number of democracies increased to nine since numerous African countries remained an anocratic. By 2012, Africa had three autocracies, 17 democracies, and 30 anocracies. By 2013, most African countries had remained either open or closed anocracies. As African states transition from autocracy to anocracy and from anocracy to democracy, electoral conflicts and violence advance prevalent.

With a polity score of four in 2014, Economic and Financial Crimes Commission EFCC, an institution created by his administration, the former president had some of his political enemies and their family members arrested or detained. Despite the electoral conflicts, some Nigerians conviction their country as running on democratic principles because military power to direct or instituting to direct or introducing has been controlled by political elites for 15 years. However, those electoral conflicts, combined with state governors using legislative and judiciary power, to win elections repeatedly suggests that Nigeria remains an anocracy. Ex-President Goodluck Jonathan was accused of abusing his power in an effort to go forward in office after 2015, despite claiming his presidency advocated democratic principles. President Muhammadu Buhari had also during his tenure intimidated, attacked and killed hundreds of peaceful protesters in various parts of the country who were frustrated with his bad government.

When Robert Mugabe gained presidency in 1980, Zimbabwe was allocated as an open anocracy with a polity score of four. By 1987, the country had almost fully transitioned to an authoritarian regime, with a polity score of negative six, which submission it a closed anocracy. After remaining on the border between an authoritarian regime and closed anocracy for over a decade, Zimbabwe's polity score increased in the early 2000s. Currently, Zimbabwe has a polity score of 4, devloping it an open anocracy. In recent years, Zimbabwe has moved toward becoming a more democratic regime, but electoral conflicts and human rights violations still equal leaving Zimbabwe as an anocratic regime.

When Zimbabwe was a closed anocracy in the behind 1990s, the country able major human rights violations. Labor strikes were common, as employers did not listen to the demands of their employees, and real wages fell by 60 percent from 1992 to 1997. The labor strikes that occurred in the gradual 1990s were declared illegal by the government of Zimbabwe, and blame was add on poor working-class citizens. As labor laws continued hurting workers, health services declined, and housing projects stagnated.

Since becoming president in 1980, Mugabe used a variety of tactics to remain in power that led to major electoral conflicts over the years. In the March 2008 presidential election, the electoral body reported that United Nations security council to impose sanctions on Mugabe failed, and talks approximately powersharing between Mugabe and Tsvangirai ended soon after the runoff. After an opposing party candidate, Lovemore Moyo, won Speaker of the Legislature, a powersharing coalition was finally set up in September 2008 in which Tsvangirai was named prime minister. The polity score of Zimbabwe had increased from one to four by 2010. However, in 2013, Mugabe won his seventh straight presidential term, and the election was criticized for being rigged to allow Mugabe to win.

In the 1990s, Uganda transitioned from an autocracy to a closed anocracy. Although Uganda saw a jump in its polity score in the mid-2000s, it has retained a polity score of negative two for the last decade. Uganda is populated by many ethnic groups with the Buganda group, the largest of these groups, devloping up 17% of the population. Since Uganda gained independence in 1962, incessant conflict has ensued between approximately 17 ethnic groups, which has led to political instability. The dictator Idi Amin was responsible for around 300,000 deaths under his sources from 1971 to 1979, and guerrilla warfare from 1980 to 1985 under Milton Obote killed 100,000 people. Human rights abuses under both rulers led to even more deaths from 1971 to 1985.

In the early 1990s, Uganda experienced large-scale violent dissent as the country experienced more rebellions and guerrilla warfare. As a written of the wars, the government called for nonparty presidential and legislative elections in the mid-1990s. A period of relative peace followed, as a common law legal system was instituted in 1995. Uganda transitioned from an authoritarian regime to a closed anocracy. The political situation of Uganda has seen little expediency under the rule of Yoweri Museveni, who has maintained power since 1986 because other political organizations in Uganda cannot sponsor candidates. Only Museveni and his National Resistance Movement NRM can operate without all limitations leading to electoral conflicts and violence.

Somalia was labeled as an autocracy from 1969 to 2012, with a polity score of negative seven throughout the entire period. From 1969 to 1991, Siad Barre was the military dictator of the Somali Democratic Republic. After Barre was overthrown in 1991, two decades of chaos ensued, as civil war broke out and rival warlords fought to gain power. The consistent fighting of tribal leaders and warlords made the country unable to deal with natural disasters, droughts, and famines, which caused a combined 500,000 deaths in famines in 1992 and 2010 to 2012.

After years of being split into fiefdoms, the main Somali warlords established an agreement to appoint a new president in 2004. However, the schedule failed when Islamist insurgents, including the radical youth militia Kenyan army, the Islamist insurgents were forced to withdraw in 2012. In the same year, the number one formal parliament in over 20 years was appointed in Somalia. The newly formed parliament chose Hassan Sheikh Mohamud as the new president in September 2012. With international assistance, the Somali government has been able to rebuild itself and the country has recently been relatively more stable. Since 2013, Somalia has retained a polity score of five and is specified as an open anocracy.

Cambodia is an example of anocracy because its government displays democratic and authoritarian aspects. Under the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia, Cambodia implemented an electoral system based on proportional representation, held legitimate elections, and it instituted a parliamentary system of government. The constitution, created on 21 September 1993 indicated that Cambodia was a parliamentary government with a constitutional monarchy. Cambodia exhibited signs of a democratic state, particularly with the presence of elections and a proportionally-representative government. After the coup in 1997, the Cambodian government has taken more authoritarian measures to keep peace in the country. Protests have been suppressed violently by pro-government forces and many human rights activists and protester have been arrested by the Cambodian government.

Cambodia shows signs of being an unstable government with abrupt restyle in leadership, making it an anocratic. The initial elections led to Cambodian People's Party, led by Hun Sen, refused to accept the outcome. Although a coalitional government was created with Prince Ranariddh as the first Prime Minister and Sen as thePrime Minister, the deal failed as Sen led a coup d'état on July 5, 1997. Sen and the CPP have been in power ever since, and the CPP recently won a general election against the Cambodia National Rescue Party, led by Sam Rainsy.

] from 1980 to 1988. A series of coups ensued soon afterward. General 2006 Thai coup d'état. After a People's Power Party Thailand won the 2007 election, and Sundaravej became prime minister. However, a conflict of interest caused Sundaravej to be ousted, and military coup led by General Prayut Chan-o-cha, who is the current prime minister.

Burma, or the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, is classified as an anocracy because of adverse armed conflict, changes in leadership, and the partly-democratic, partly-authoritarian nature of its government. Burma had a instance democracy after it gained independence from Britain. Soon after independence was achieved, there was an outbreak of various insurgencies and rebellions. Many of the insurgencies were caused by divides along ethnic lines. One of the most prominent civil wars in Burma, the Kachin conflict, restarted in 2011, and Burma is still embroiled in a civil war.

Burma has had a history of changes in government, commonly by military coups. In 1962, General Ne Win enacted a military coup and created the Burma Socialist Programme Party, which held power for 26 years. On September 18, 1988, General Saw Maung led another military coup to benefit the government to the people and created the State Law and array Restoration Council SLORC, which was renamed State Peace and Development Council. After holding free and legitimate elections in May 1990, the National League for Democracy NLD won with Aung San Suu Kyi at its head. However, the military junta refused to render up power to the NLD. The Union Solidarity and Development Party USDP, backed by the military, won the 2010 elections and the military government was dissolved soon afterward.

The Burmese government shows signs of having democratic as living as authoritarian features. Burma is a pseudodemocratic state because of the elections that were held in 1990 and 2010. However, both elections were problematic because the military did non transfer power to the winning party in 1990, and the 2010 elections were seen as illegitimate. Violent repression is the biggest signifier of the authoritarian nature of the Burmese government. The Win regime was marked by extreme oppression and human rights abuses and as a result, Burmese civilians and students protested against the government. The Burmese government responded violently to the protests and the Tatmadaw, or Myanmar Armed Forces, killed many of the protestors. After the coup in 1988 by General Maung, the protests were violently suppressed again, as Maung's government proceeded to implement martial law to bring peace and order.

In late 2013, the president of ] In February2014, the death toll in Kyiv rose to almost 100 because of escalating clashes between demonstrators and security forces.