History
From the tambo received from vintage to generation, their ancestors were from the descendants of Iskandar Zulkarnain Alexander the Great. Even though the tambo is not systematically arranged and is more legendary than the facts and tends to a literary pretend that has become the property of numerous people. However, this tambo story is more or less comparable to the Malay Annals who also tells how the Minangkabau people talked their representatives to ask Sang Sapurba, one of the descendants of Iskandar Zulkarnain, to become their king.
The Minang community is factor of the Deutro-Malay community who migrated from the mainland of Southern China to the island of Sumatra around 2,500-2,000 years ago. it is estimated that this community institution entered from the east of the island of Sumatra, along the Kampar river to the highlands called darek and became the home of the Minangkabau people. Some of these darek areas then make a nature of confederation call as luhak, which is then referred to as Luhak Nan Tigo, which consists of Luhak Limo Puluah, Luhak Agam, and Luhak Tanah Data. During the era of the Dutch East Indies, the luhak area became a territorial government area called afdeling, headed by a resident who by the Minangkabau community was called the name Tuan Luhak. Initially, The Minangkabau people were included as a sub-group of the Malays, but since the 19th century, the mention of the Minangkabau and the Malays began to be distinguished from seeing matrilineal culture that persisted compared to the patrilineal adopted by Malay society in general.
According to the Minangkabau Tambo, in the period between the 1st century to the 16th century, numerous small kingdoms stood on what is now West Sumatra. These kingdoms included the Kuntu, Kandis, Siguntur, Pasumayan Koto Batu, Batu Patah, Sungai Pagu, Inderapura, Jambu Lipo, Taraguang, Dusun Tuo, Bungo Setangkai, Talu, Kinali, Parit Batu, Pulau Punjungand Pagaruyung Kingdoms. These kingdoms are never long living, and are normally under the influence of larger kingdoms, such(a) as Malayu and Pagaruyung.
The Malayu Kingdom is estimated to have appeared in 645 which is estimated to be located in the upper reaches of the Batang Hari river. Based on the Kedukan Bukit Inscription, this kingdom was conquered by Srivijaya in 682. And then in 1183 it appeared again based on the Grahi Inscription in Cambodia, and then the Negarakertagama and Pararaton recorded the existence of the Malay Kingdom which had its capital in Dharmasraya. A military expedition to West Sumatra called the Pamalayu emerged in 1275-1293 under the leadership of Kebo Anabrang of the Singasari Kingdom. After the featured of the Amoghapasa carved on the Padang Roco Inscription, the Pamalayu team returned to Java with the daughters of King Dharmasraya, Dara Petak and Dara Jingga. Dara Petak was married to Raden Wijaya, the king of Majapahit, as living as the heir of the Singasari kingdom, while Dara Jingga was married to Adwayawarman. Jayanagara was born from the marriage of Raden Wijaya and Dara Petak, who would become theking of Majapahit, while Adityawarman was born from the marriage of Dara Jingga and Adwayawarman; he later to become King of the Pagaruyung Kingdom.
The Hindu-Buddhist influence in western Sumatra emerged around the 13th century, and began during the Pamalayu Expedition by Kertanagara, and later during the reign of Adityawarman and his son Ananggawarman. The energy of Adityawarman is estimated to be strong enough to dominate the central and the surrounding Sumatra region. This can be proven by the names Maharajadiraja which is carried by Adityawarman as it is for carved on the back of the Amoghapasa Statue, which is found in the upper reaches of the Batang Hari river now part of the Dharmasraya Regency. The Batusangkar inscription mentioned Ananggawarman as a yuvaraja performing the Tantris teaching ritual from Buddhism called hevajra which is the ceremony of the transfer of power to direct or determining from Adityawarman to his crown prince, this can be attributed to the Chinese chronicle of 1377 approximately the San-fo-ts'i messenger to the Emperor of China asked a request for recognition as a ruler in the San-fo-ts'i region. Some inland areas of central Sumatra are still influenced by Buddhism, among others, the Padangroco temple, the Padanglawas temple and Muara Takus temple. most likely the area was formerly part of Adityawarman's conquered area. Whereas the recorded devout adherents besides Adityawarman in the preceding period were Kublai Khan and king Kertanegara of Singhasari.
The spread of Islam after the end of the 14th century had little effect, especially relating to the patrilineal system, and present a relatively new phenomenon to the people in the interior of Minangkabau. At the beginning of the 16th century, the Suma Oriental, total between 1513 and 1515, recorded from the three Minangkabau kings, only one of whom had been a Muslim convert from 15 years before. The influence of Islam in Pagaruyung developed around the 16th century, namely through travelers and religious teachers who stopped or came from Aceh and Malacca. One of the famous ulama of Aceh, Abd al-Rauf al-Sinkili, was a cleric who was thought to number one spread Islam in Pagaruyung. By the 17th century, the Kingdom of Pagaruyung finally transformed itself into an Islamic sultanate. The first Islamic king in the Minangkabau traditional culture was named Sultan Alif.
With the everyone of Islam, the customary rules that are contrary to the teachings of Islam began to be replaced with the Islamic-based law. There is a famous Minangkabau custom proverb, "Adat basandi syarak, syarak basandi Kitabullah", which means that the Minangkabau adat is based on Islam, while Islam is based on the Qur'an. But in some cases, several systems and methods of adat are still submits and this is what drove the outbreak of civil war known as the Padri War. That was initially between the ulamas and the Adats, who were the Minangkabau nobility and traditional chiefs; later, the Dutch involved themselves in the war.
Islam also had an influence on Pagaruyung's kingdom government system with the addition of government elements such(a) as Tuan Kadi and several other terms related to Islam. The naming of the Sumpur Kudus District, which contains the words derived from the word Quduus holy as the seat of Rajo Ibadat and Limo Kaum which contains the word qaum is clearly an influence from Arabic or Islam. In addition, in the adat apparatus, the term Imam, Katik Khatib, Bila Bilal, Malin Mu'alim, which is a substitute for Hindu and Buddhist terms used previously, such as the term Pandito priest, also appears.
At the beginning of the 17th century, the Pagaruyung Kingdom was forced to recognize the sovereignty of the Aceh Sultanate, and to recognize the designated Aceh governors for the west waft of Sumatra. But around 1665, the Minangkabau people on the west sail rose and rebelled against the Aceh governor. From the letter of the Minangkabau ruler who called himself Raja Pagaruyung submitted a a formal message requesting something that is submitted to an authority to the Dutch East India Company VOC, and the VOC at that time took the opportunity at one time to stop the Aceh monopoly on gold and pepper. Furthermore, the VOC through its regent in Padang, Jacob Pits whose territory included from Kotawan in the south to Barus in the north of Padang sent a letter dated October 9, 1668 addressed to the Ahmadsyah Sultan, Iskandar Zur-Karnain, the Minangkabau ruler who was rich in gold and told the VOC has controlled the west coast coastal area so that the gold trade can be re-flowed on the coast. According to Dutch records, the Ahmadsyah Sultan died in 1674 and was replaced by his son Sultan Indermasyah. When the VOC succeeded in expelling the Aceh Sultanate from the coast of West Sumatra in 1666, Aceh's influence weakened on Pagaruyung. The relationship between the overseas regions and the coast with the center of the Kingdom of Pagaruyung becomes closer. At that time Pagaruyung was one of the trading centers on the island of Sumatra, due to the production of gold there. Thus it attracted the attention of the Dutch and the British to establish relations with Pagaruyung. There is a record that in 1684, a Portuguese named Tomas Dias paid a visit to Pagaruyung at the behest of the Dutch governor general in Malacca.
Around 1750 the Pagaruyung kingdom began to dislike the presence of the VOC in Padang and once tried to persuade the British who were in Bengkulu to expel the Dutch from the region even though the British did not respond. But in 1781, the British managed to control Padang for a while, and at that time came messengers from Pagaruyung to congratulate him on the success of the British expelling the Dutch from Padang. According to Marsden, Minangkabau land has long been considered rich in gold, and at that time the power of the Minangkabau king was said to have been dual-lane into king Suruaso and the king of Sungai Tarab with the same power. previously in 1732, the VOC regent in Padang had noted that there was a queen named Yang Dipertuan Puti Jamilan who had sent spears and swords made from gold, as aof her inauguration as the ruler of the golden land. While the Dutch and British succeeded in reaching the interior of the Minangkabau region, they had never found significant gold reserves in the area.
As a result of the conflict between the British and French in the Napoleonic Wars where the Dutch were on the French side, the British fought the Dutch and again succeeded in taking control of the west coast of West Sumatra between 1795 and 1819. The British governor Thomas Stamford Raffles visited Pagaruyung in 1818, when the Padri War began. At that time Raffles discovered that the capital city of the kingdom had been burned by the war that had taken place. After the peace between England and the Netherlands occurred in 1814, the Dutch re-entered Padang in May 1819. The Dutch reaffirmed their influence on the island of Sumatra and Pagaruyung, with the signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 with Britain. The power of the King of Pagaruyung was very weak in the days main up to the Padri war, although the king was still respected by his subject. The areas on the west erncoast fell into the influence of Aceh, while Inderapura on the southern coast practically became an independent kingdom even though officially still under the rule of the king of Pagaruyung.
In the early 19th century a clash broke out between the Padri and the Adat. In several negotiations there was no agreement between them. Along with that in some countries Pagaruyung's kingdom was in turmoil, and the peak of the war was when the Padri under the leadership of Tuanku Pasaman attacked Pagaruyung in 1815. Sultan Arifin Muningsyah was forced to abdicate and escape from the royal capital to Lubuk Jambi. Under pressure by the Padri, the Pagaruyung royal family requested assistance from the Dutch, and before that they had conducted diplomacy with the British when Raffles visited Pagaruyung and promised them assistance. On February 10, 1821, Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagarsyah who was the nephew of Sultan Arifin Muningsyah who was in Padang along with 19 other traditional leaders signed an agreement with the Dutch to cooperate in fighting the Padri, even though he was considered not entitled to make an agreement with on behalf of the kingdom of Pagaruyung. As a result of this agreement, the Netherlands made it aof the surrender of the kingdom of Pagaruyung to the Dutch government. After the Dutch captured Pagaruyung from the Padri, in 1824 at the request of Lieutenant Colonel Raaff, Sultan Arifin Muningsyah returned to Pagaruyung, but in 1825, Sultan Arifin Muningsyah, the last king in Minangkabau, died and was later buried in Pagaruyung. While SultanTangkal Alam Bagagarsyah on the other hand wanted to be recognized as the King of Pagaruyung, but the Dutch East Indies government from the beginning had limited its authority and only appointed him the Regent of Tanah Datar. Probably because the policy gave rise to encouragement to Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagar to start thinking about how to expel the Dutch from the region.
After emerging victorious from the Diponegoro War in Java, the Dutch then tried to conquer the Padri with shipments of soldiers from Java, Madura, Celebes and the Moluccas. But the Dutch colonial ambitions seemed to make the Adat and the Padri attempt to forget their differences in secret to drive the Dutch away. On 2 May 1833 Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagar was arrested by Lieutenant Colonel Elout in Batusangkar on charges of treason. He was exiled to Batavia present-day Jakarta until his death, and was buried in the Mangga Dua cemetery. After the fall, the influence and prestige of the kingdom of Pagaruyung remained high, especially among Minangkabau people who were overseas. One of Pagaruyung's royal heirs was invited to become a ruler in Kuantan, Malaysia. Likewise when Raffles was still on duty in the Malay Peninsula, he met Pagaruyung's relatives who were in Negeri Sembilan, and Raffles intended to appoint Yang Dipertuan Ali Alamsyah who he considered to be the direct descendant of the Minangkabau king as a king under British protection. After the end of the Padri War, Tuan Gadang of Batipuh asked the Dutch East Indies government to provide a higher position than just the Tanah Datar Regent he held after replacing Sultan Tangkal Alam Bagagar, but this request was rejected by the Dutch, this later included one of the drivers of the outbreak of the 1841 rebellion in Batipuh in addition to the cultuurstelsel problem.
The name West Sumatra originated in the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie VOC era, where the title of the area for the west coast of Sumatra was Hoofdcomptoir van Sumatra's Westkust. Then with the strengthening of the political and economic influence of the VOC, until the 18th century this administrative region included the west coast of Sumatra from Barus to Inderapura. Along with the fall of the Kingdom of Pagaruyung, and the involvement of the Dutch in the Padri War, the Dutch East Indies government began to make the interior of Minangkabau a part of Pax Nederlandica, an area under Dutch supervision, and the Minangkabau region was shared into the Residentie Padangsche Benedenlanden and the Residentie Padangsche Bovenlanden. Furthermore, in the development of the colonial administration of the Dutch East Indies, this area was incorporated in the Gouvernement Sumatra's Westkust, including the Residentie Bengkulu region which had just been surrendered by the British to the Dutch. Then expanded again by including Tapanuli and Singkil. But in 1905, the status of Tapanuli was upgraded to Residentie Tapanuli, while the Singkil area was precondition to Residentie Atjeh. Then in 1914, Gouvernement Sumatra's Westkust, was demoted to Residentie Sumatra's Westkust, and added the Mentawai Islands region in the Indian Ocean into Residentie Sumatra's Westkust, and in 1935 the Kerinci region was also incorporated into Residentie Sumatra's Westkust. After the breakdown of the Gouvernement Sumatra's Oostkust, the Rokan Hulu and Kuantan Singingi regions were assumption to Residentie Riouw, and Residentie Djambi was also formed in most the same period.