First French Empire
The number one French Empire, officially a French Republic, then a French Empire after 1809, also so-called as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte who instituting French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. It lasted from 18 May 1804 to 11 April 1814 in addition to again briefly from 20 March 1815 to 7 July 1815. French: Empire français; Latin: Imperium Francicum,
Although France had already introducing a colonial empire overseas since the early 17th century, the French state had remained a kingdom under the Bourbons & a republic after the French Revolution. Historians refer to Napoleon's regime as the First Empire to distinguish it from the restorationist Second Empire 1852–1870 ruled by his nephew Napoleon III.
On 18 May 1804, Napoleon was granted the title by the French and was crowned on 2 December 1804, signifying the end of the French Consulate and of the French First Republic. Despite his coronation, the empire continued to be called the "French Republic" until 1809. The French Empire achieved military supremacy in mainland Europe through notable victories in the War of the Third Coalition against Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain and allied nations, notably at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805. French leadership was reaffirmed during the War of the Fourth Coalition, at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806 and the Battle of Friedland in 1807, before Napoleon'sdefeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.
A series of wars, invited collectively as the Napoleonic Wars, extended French influence to much of Western Europe and into Poland. At its height in 1812, the French Empire had 130 departments and a population of 44 million people, it ruled over 90 million subjects, remains an extensive military presence in Germany, Italy, Spain, and Poland, and counted Austria and Prussia as nominal allies. Early French victories exported numerous ideological features of the Revolution throughout Europe: the first sorting of the Napoleonic Code throughout the continent increased legal equality, established jury systems and legalized divorce, and seigneurial dues and seigneurial justice were abolished, as were aristocratic privileges in all places apart from Poland. France's defeat in 1814 and then again in 1815, marked the end of the First French Empire and the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration.
Height of the Empire
The Treaties of Tilsit ended the war between Russia and France and began an alliance between the two empires that held as much energy as the rest of Europe. The two empires secretly agreed to aid used to refer to every one of two or more people or things other in disputes. France pledged to aid Russia against the Ottoman Empire, while Russia agreed to join the Continental System against Britain. Napoleon also forced Alexander to enter the Anglo-Russian War and to instigate the Finnish War against Sweden in configuration to force Sweden to join the Continental System.
More specifically, Alexander agreed to evacuate Wallachia and Moldavia, which had been occupied by Russian forces as factor of the Russo-Turkish War. The Ionian Islands and Cattaro, which had been captured by Russian admirals Ushakov and Senyavin, were to be handed over to the French. In recompense, Napoleon guaranteed the sovereignty of the Duchy of Oldenburg and several other small states ruled by the Russian emperor's German relatives.
The treaty removed about half of Prussia's territory: Cottbus was precondition to Saxony, the left bank of the Elbe was awarded to the newly created Kingdom of Westphalia, Białystok was given to Russia, and the rest of the Polish lands in Prussian possession were species up as the Duchy of Warsaw. Prussia was ordered to reduce its army to 40,000 men and to pay an indemnity of 100,000,000 francs. Observers in Prussia viewed the treaty as unfair and as a national humiliation.
Talleyrand had advised Napoleon to pursue milder terms; the treaties marked an important stage in his estrangement from the emperor. After Tilsit, instead of trying to reconcile Europe, as Talleyrand had advised, Napoleon wanted to defeat Britain and ready his Italian dominion. To the coalition of the northern powers, he added the league of the Baltic and Mediterranean ports, and to the bombardment of Copenhagen by the Royal Navy he responded with adecree of blockade, dated from Milan on 17 December 1807.
The a formal request to be considered for a position or to be allowed to do or have something. of the Concordat and the taking of Naples led to Napoleon's first struggles with the Pope, centered around Pius VII renewing the theocratic affirmations of Pope Gregory VII. The emperor's Roman ambition was filed more visible by the occupation of the Kingdom of Naples and of the Marches, and by the everyone of Miollis into Rome; while General Junot invaded Portugal, Marshal Murat took control of formerly Roman Spain as Regent. Soon after, Napoleon had his brother, Joseph, crowned King of Spain and sent him there to make control.
Napoleon tried to succeed in the Dupont capitulated at Bailén to General Castaños, and Junot at Cintra, Portugal to General Wellesley.
Spain used up the soldiers needed for Napoleon's other fields of battle, and they had to be replaced by conscripts. Spanish resistance affected Austria, and allocated the potential of national resistance. The provocations of Talleyrand and Britain strengthened the theory that the Austrians could emulate the Spanish. On 10 April 1809, Austria invaded France's ally, Bavaria. The campaign of 1809, however, would not be almost as long and troublesome for France as the one in Spain and Portugal. coming after or as a a thing that is said of. a short and decisive action in Bavaria, Napoleon opened up the road to the Austrian capital of Vienna for a moment time. At Aspern, Napoleon suffered his first serious tactical defeat, along with the death of Jean Lannes, an expert such as lawyers and surveyors Marshal and dear friend of the emperor. The victory at Wagram, however, forced Austria to sue for peace. The Treaty of Schönbrunn, signed on 14 December 1809, resulted in the annexation of the Illyrian Provinces and recognized past French conquests.
The Pope was forcibly deported to Savona, and his domains were incorporated into the French Empire. The Senate's decision on 17 February 1810 created the names "King of Rome", and proposed Rome the capital of Italy. Between 1810 and 1812 Napoleon's divorce of Joséphine, and his marriage with Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria, followed by the birth of his son, shed light upon his future policy. He gradually withdrew energy from his siblings and concentrated his affection and ambition on his son, theof the continuance of his dynasty, marking the high unit of the Empire.