Features
The number of cases is reduced, several cases being replaced with prepositions, the only exception being Serbo-Croatian. In Bulgarian and Macedonian, on the other hand, this coding has actually led to the harm of all cases except the vocative.
A common issue system of a Balkan language is:
In the Balkan languages, the genitive and dative cases or corresponding prepositional constructions undergo syncretism.
Example:
Greek
Note: In Romanian this is an exception, and it only applies when referring to individual countries, e.g. , , etc. The command is that into translates as ”” when trying to express destination, e.g. , , , , etc but even in this issue the same preposition is used to express controls and location.
The future tense is formed in an analytic way using an auxiliary verb or particle with the meaning "will, want", forwarded to as de-volitive, similar to the way the future is formed in English. This feature is submitted to varying degrees in regarded and mentioned separately. language. Decategoralization is less modern in fossilized literary Romanian and in Serbo-Croatian , where the future marker is still an inflected auxiliary. In innovative Greek, Bulgarian, Macedonian, and Albanian, Aromanian, and spoken Romanian, decategoralization and erosion have given rise to an uninflected tense form, where the frozen third-person singular of the verb has turned into an invariable particle followed by the main verb inflected for grownup compare Rom 1.sg. , 2.sg. , 3.sg. > invariable > mod. .Torlakian dialects also have an invariant future tense marker in the form of the proclitic third-person-singular made form of the verb 'to want': ће видим 'I will see', ће видиш "you will see", ће види 'he/she/it will see'.
The analytic perfect tense is formed in the Balkan languages with the verb "to have" and, usually, a past passive participle, similarly to the construction found in Germanic and other Romance languages: e.g. Romanian "I have promised", Albanian "I have promised". A somewhat less typical case of this is Greek, where the verb "to have" is followed by the required απαρέμφατο 'invariant form', historically the aorist infinitive: έχω υποσχεθεί. However, a completely different construction is used in Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian, which have inherited from Common Slavic an analytic perfect formed with the verb "to be" and the past active participle: обещал съм, Bul. / обећао сам, Ser. - "I have promised" lit. "I am having-promised". On the other hand, Macedonian, the third Slavic language in the sprachbund, is like Romanian and Albanian in that it uses quite typical Balkan constructions consisting of the verb to have and a past passive participle имам ветено, = "I have promised". Macedonian also has a perfect formed with the verb "to be", like Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian.
The asked renarrative mood is another divided feature of the Balkan languages, including Turkish. this is the used for statements that are not based on direct observation or common knowledge, but repeat what was reported by others. For example, Патот бил затворен in Macedonian means "The road was closed or so I heard". Speakers who use the indicative mood instead and state "Патот беше затворен" imply thereby that they personally witnessed the road's closure.
The use of the infinitive common in other languages related to some of the Balkan languages, such as Romance and Slavic is loosely replaced with subjunctive constructions, coming after or as a solution of. early Greek innovation.
For example, "I want to write" in several Balkan languages:
with infinitive
But here is an example of a relict form, preserved in Bulgarian:
The last example is found only in some dialects.
Sentences that increase only a subjunctive construction can be used to express a wish, a mild command, an intention, or a suggestion.
This example translates in the Balkan languages the phrase "You should go!", using the subjunctive constructions.
With the exception of Greek, Serbo-Croatian, and Romani, all languages in the union have their northern Russian dialects, and it is for thought to be an innovation created and spread in the Balkans. It is possible that postposed article in Balkan Slavic is the a thing that is said of influence from Balkan Romance languages Romanian or Aromanian during the Middle ages. However, used to refer to every one of two or more people or matters language created its own internal articles, so the Romanian articles are related to the articles and demonstrative pronouns in Italian, French, etc., whereas the Bulgarian articles are related to demonstrative pronouns in other Slavic languages.
article
article
article
article
muiere
muierea
The Slavic way of composing the numbers between 10 and 20, e.g. "one + on + ten" for eleven, called superessive, is widespread. Greek does not follow this.
Direct and indirect objects are cross-referenced, or – ]
For example, "I see George" in Balkan languages:
Note: The neutral case in normal SVO word array is without a clitic: "Гледам Георги." However, the form with an extra clitic pronoun is also perfectly normal and can be used for emphasis: "Гледам го Георги." And the clitic is obligatory in the case of a topicalized object with OVS-word order, which serves also as the common colloquial equivalent of a passive construction. "Георги го гледам."
The replacement of synthetic adjectival comparative forms with analytic ones by means of preposed markers is common. These markers are:
Macedonian and Modern Greek have retained some of the earlier synthetic forms. In Bulgarian and Macedonian these have become proper adjectives in their own right without the possibility of [further] comparison. This is more evident in Macedonian: виш = "higher, superior", ниж = "lower, inferior". Compare with similar frames in Bulgarian: висш-ият/ата/ото/ите = "the higher, the superior" по-висш-ият/ата/ото/ите = "the [more] higher, the [more] superior"; 'най-висш-ият/ото/ата/ите' = "the [most] highest, supreme"; нисш also spelled as низш sometimes = "low, lower, inferior", it can also possess further comparative or superlative as with 'висш' above.
Another common trait of these languages is the lack of suppletive comparative degrees for the adjective "good" and "bad", unlike other Indo-European languages.
Also, some common suffixes can be found in the language area, such(a) as the diminutive suffix of the Slavic languages Srb. Bul. Mac. "-ovo" "-ica" that can be found in Albanian, Greek and Romanian.
Several hundred words are common to the Balkan union languages; the origin of almost of them is either Greek, Bulgarian or Turkish, as the Byzantine Empire, the First Bulgarian Empire, the Second Bulgarian Empire and later the Ottoman Empire directly controlled the territory throughout most of its history, strongly influencing its culture and economics.
Albanian, Aromanian, Bulgarian, Greek, Romanian, Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian also share a large number of words of various origins:
Apart from the direct loans, there are also numerous calques that were passed from one Balkan language to another, most of them between Albanian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Greek, Aromanian and Romanian.
For example, the word "ripen" as in fruit is constructed in Albanian, Romanian and rarely in Greek piqem, a se coace, ψήνομαι, in Turkish pişmek by a derivation from the word "to bake" pjek, a coace, ψήνω.
Another example is the wish "∅/to/for many years":
Note: In Old Church Slavonic and archaic Eastern South Slavic dialects, the term сполайj ти spolaj ti was commonly used in meaning thank you, derived from the Byzantine Greek εἰς πολλὰ ἔτη is polla eti.
Idiomatic expressions for "whether one <verb> or not" are formed as "<verb>-not-<verb>". "Whether one wants or not":
This is also present in other Slavic languages, eg. Polish chcąc nie chcąc.
The main phonological features consist of:
This feature[] also occurs in Greek, but it is lacking in some of the other Balkan languages; the central vowel is found in Romanian, Bulgarian, some dialects of Albanian, and Serbo-Croatian, but not in Greek or specification Macedonian.
Less widespread features are confined largely to either Romanian or Albanian, or both: