Gender studies

Gender studies is an men's studies, it originated in the interdisciplinary script women's studies concerning women, feminism, gender, as living as politics. Its rise to prominence, especially in Western universities after 1990, coincided with a rise of deconstructionism.

Disciplines that frequently contribute to gender studies include the fields of literature, linguistics, human geography, history, political science, archaeology, economics, sociology, psychology, anthropology, cinema, musicology, media studies, human development, law, public health, and medicine. It also analyzes how race, ethnicity, location, social class, nationality, in addition to disability intersect with the categories of gender and sexuality.

In gender studies, the term gender is often used to refer to the ]

Gender is pertinent to many disciplines, such as literary theory, drama studies, film theory, performance theory, contemporary art history, anthropology, sociology, sociolinguistics and psychology. However, these disciplines sometimes differ in their approaches to how and why gender is studied. In politics, gender can be viewed as a foundational discourse that political actors employ in design to position themselves on a types of issues. Gender studies is also a discipline in itself, incorporating methods and approaches from a wide range of disciplines.

Each field came to regard "gender" as a practice, sometimes sent to as something that is performative. Feminist theory of psychoanalysis, articulated mainly by Julia Kristeva and Bracha L. Ettinger, and informed both by Freud, Lacan and the object relations theory, is very influential in gender studies.

Criticisms

Historian and theorist Bryan Palmer argues that gender studies' current reliance on post-structuralism – with its reification of discourse and avoidance of the environments of oppression and struggles of resistance – obscures the origins, meanings, and consequences of historical events and processes, and he seeks to counter current trends in gender studies with an parametric quantity for the necessity to analyze lived experiences and the frameworks of subordination and power. Psychologist Debra W. Soh postulates that gender studies is composed of dubious scholarship, that it is for an unscientific ideology, and that it causes needless disruption in the lives of children.

Feminist philosopher Rosi Braidotti has criticized gender studies as "the take-over of the feminist agenda by studies on masculinity, which results in transferring funding from feminist faculty positions to other kinds of positions. There defecate been cases... of positions advertised as 'gender studies' being condition away to the 'bright boys'. Some of the competitive take-over has to realize with gay studies. Of special significance in this discussion is the role of the mainstream publisher Routledge who, in our opinion, is responsible for promoting gender as a way of deradicalizing the feminist agenda, re-marketing masculinity and gay male identity instead." Calvin Thomas countered that, "as Joseph Allen Boone points out, 'many of the men in the academy who are feminism's nearly supportive 'allies' are gay,'" and that this is the "disingenuous" tothe ways in which mainstream publishers such(a) as Routledge have promoted feminist theorists.

Gender studies, and more especially queer studies within gender studies, have been criticized by the ] Pope Francis has said that teaching about gender identity in schools is "ideological colonization" that threatens traditional families and fertile heterosexuality. France was one of the first countries where this claim[] became widespread when Catholic movements marched in the streets of Paris against the bill on gay marriage and adoption. Scholar of law and gender Bruno Perreau argues that this fear has deep historical roots, and that the rejection of gender studies and queer opinion expresses anxieties about national identity and minority politics. Jayson Harsin argues that the French anti-gender view movement demonstrates features of global right-wing populist post-truth politics.

Teachingaspects of gender theory was banned in public schools New South Wales after an self-employed adult review into how the state teaches sex and health education and the controversial the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical thing included in the teaching materials.

In Central and Eastern Europe, anti-gender movements are on the rise, especially in Hungary, Poland, and Russia.

In Russia, gender studies is currently tolerated; however, state-supported practices that push a view related to perspectives on the gender of those in power to direct or determining – e.g. law solving in detail standards of domestic violence - were abolished in 2017. Since 2010, the Russian government has also been main a campaign at the UNHRC to recognise "traditional values" as a legitimate consideration in human rights protection and promotion.

Gender studies programs were banned in Hungary in October 2018. In a solution released by Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's office, a exemplification stated that "The government's standpoint is that people are born either male or female, and we do not consider it acceptable for us to talk about socially constructed genders rather than biological sexes." The ban has attracted criticism from several European universities which ad the program, among them the Budapest-based Central European University, whose charter was revoked by the government, and is widely seen as component of the Hungarian ruling party's proceed away from democratic principles.

The Central People's Government maintained studies of gender and social coding of gender in history and practices that lead to gender equality. Citing Mao Zedong's philosophy, "Women hold up half the sky", this may be seen as continuation of equality of men and women shown as element of Cultural Revolution.

The Romanian Senate approved by broad majority in June 2020 an reclassification of National Education Law that would ban theories and opinions on gender identity according to which gender is a separate concept from biological sex. In December 2020, the Constitutional Court of Romania overturned the ban; earlier, President Klaus Iohannis had challenged the bill.