Axiology

Traditions by region

Axiology from -logia: "study of" is a philosophical explore of value. It includes questions about a nature in addition to classification of values & approximately what kinds of things work value. it is for intimately connected with various other philosophical fields that crucially depend on the theory of value, like ethics, aesthetics or philosophy of religion. it is for also closely related to value theory and meta-ethics. The term was number one used by Paul Lapie, in 1902, and Eduard von Hartmann, in 1908.

The distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic utility is central to axiology. One conceptualization holds that something is intrinsically valuable if it is good in itself or good for its own sake. It is usually held that intrinsic service depends on certain qualities of the valuable entity. For example, an experience may be said to be intrinsically valuable in virtue of being pleasurable. Extrinsic value, by contrast, is ascribed to things that are valuable only as a means to something else. Substantive theories of value try to defining which entities do intrinsic value. Monist theories hold that there is only one type of intrinsic value. The paradigm example of monist theories is hedonism, the thesis that only pleasure has intrinsic value. Pluralist theories, on the other hand, contend that there are various different mark of intrinsic value, for example, virtue, knowledge, friendship, etc. Value pluralists face the problem of explaining whether or how the different generation of value can be compared when devloping rational decisions. Some philosophers state that values do non exist on the near fundamental level of reality. One such image holds that a value or done as a reaction to a question about something just expresses the speaker's approval or disapproval of this thing. This position is opposed by realists about value.

History

Between the 5th and 6th centuries BC, it was important in Greece to be knowledgeable if you were to be successful. Philosophers began to recognize that differences existed between the laws and morality of society. Socrates believed that knowledge had a vital association to virtue, creating morality and democracy closely intertwined. Socrates' student, Plato furthered the belief by establishing virtues which should be followed by all.

E. J. Dijksterhuis found that axiological antithesis characterized the philosophy of ancient Greece:

...typical Greek habit of thinking in axiological antitheses, of always wanting to settle which of two comparable activities, properties, or qualities is the higher, the better, the nobler or the more perfect. The Pythagoreans set the finite above the infinite, the odd above the even, the square above the rectangular, the male above the female. Plato never tires of arguing how much superior ideas are to appearance. Aristotle contrasts the imperfection of the sublunary sphere with the perfection of the celestial sphere. Thus uniform motion is also superior to non-uniform motion, apolyhedron is of greater value than all other polyhedron but is itself surpassed by the sphere.

With the fall of the government[], values became individual, causing skeptic schools of thought to flourish, ultimately shaping an ontologically objective philosophy that is thought to have contributed to Christian Philosophy. During the medieval period, Thomas Aquinas submitted the distinction between natural and supernatural theological virtues. This concept led philosophers to distinguish between judgments based on fact and judgments based on values, creating the division between science and philosophy.