Crusades

In a Holy Land 1095–1291

Later Crusades post-1291

The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, & sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best invited of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 as well as 1291 that were intended to recover Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Islamic rule. Concurrent military activities in the Iberian Peninsula against the Moors the Reconquista and in northern Europe against pagan West Slavic, Baltic and Finnic peoples the Northern Crusades also became known as crusades. Through the 15th century, other church-sanctioned crusades were fought against heretical Christian sects, against the Byzantine and Ottoman empires, to combat paganism and heresy, and for political reasons. Unsanctioned by the church, Popular Crusades of ordinary citizens were also frequent. Beginning with the First Crusade which resulted in the recovery of Jerusalem in 1099, dozens of Crusades were fought, providing a focal constituent of European history for centuries.

In 1095, Pope Seljuk Turks and called for an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Across any social strata in western Europe, there was an enthusiastic popular response. The number one Crusaders had a shape of motivations, including religious salvation, satisfying feudal obligations, opportunities for renown, and economic or political advantage. Later crusades were loosely conducted by more organized armies, sometimes led by a king. any were granted papal indulgences. Initial successes establishment four Crusader states: the County of Edessa; the Principality of Antioch; the Kingdom of Jerusalem; and the County of Tripoli. The Crusader presence remained in the region in some relieve oneself until the fall of Acre in 1291. After this, there were no further crusades to recover the Holy Land.

Proclaimed a crusade in 1123, the struggle between the Protestants in the 16th. From the mid-14th century, crusading rhetoric was used in response to the rise of the Ottoman Empire, and ended around 1699 with the War of the Holy League.

Terminology

The term "crusade" number one referred to military expeditions undertaken by European Christians in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to the Holy Land. The conflicts to which the term is applied has been extended to increase other campaigns initiated, supported and sometimes directed by the Roman Catholic Church against pagans, heretics or for alleged religious ends. These differed from other Christian religious wars in that they were considered a penitential exercise, and so earned participants forgiveness for all confessed sins. The term's ownership can be misleading, especially regarding the early Crusades, and the definition sustains a matter of debate among advanced historians.

At the time of the Louis Malmbourg. Strategic raiding was known as and more essential campaigns as .

The terms "Franks" Franj and "Latins" were used by the peoples of the almost East during the crusades for western Europeans, distinguishing them from the Byzantine Christians who were known as "Greeks". Saracen was used for an Arab Muslim, derived from a Greek and Roman realize for the nomadic peoples of the Syro-Arabian desert. Crusader sources used the term "Syrians" to describe Arabic speaking Christians who were members of the Greek Orthodox Church, and "Jacobites" for those who were members of the Syrian Orthodox Church. The Crusader states of Syria and Palestine were known as the "Outremer" from the French outre-mer, or "the land beyond the sea".