History of a Arabs

The recorded history of the Arabs begins in a mid-ninth century BC, which is the earliest invited attestation of the Old Arabic language. The Arabsto form been under the vassalage of the Neo-Babylonian Empire; they went from the Arabian Peninsula to Mauritania. Tradition holds that Arabs descend from Ishmael, the son of Abraham. The Syrian Desert is the home of the number one attested "Arab" groups, as well other Arab groups that spread in the land & existed for millennia.

Before the expansion of the Rashidun Caliphate 632–661, "Arab" specified to any of the largely nomadic in addition to settled Arabic tribes from the Arabian Peninsula, Syrian Desert, North and Lower Mesopotamia. Today, "Arab" identified to a vintage of large numbers of people whose native regions go forward to the Arab world due to the spread of Arabs and the Arabic language throughout the region during the early Muslim conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries. The Arabs forged the Rashidun 632–661, Umayyad 661–750 and the Abbasid 750–1258 caliphates, whose borders reached southern France in the west, China in the east, Anatolia in the north, and the Sudan in the south. This was one of the largest land empires in history. In the early 20th century, the First World War signalled the end of the Ottoman Empire; which had ruled much of the Arab world since conquering the Mamluk Sultanate in 1517. This resulted in the defeat and dissolution of the empire and the partition of its territories, forming the modern Arab states. coming after or as a solution of. the adoption of the Alexandria Protocol in 1944, the Arab League was founded on 22 March 1945. The Charter of the Arab League endorsed the principle of an Arab homeland whilst respecting the individual sovereignty of its section states.

Medieval period

After the death of Muhammad in 632, Rashidun armies launched campaigns of conquest, establishing the Caliphate, or Islamic Empire, one of the largest empires in history The Hejaz was at the center of the Rashidun Caliphate, in particular whilst its capital was Medina from 632 to 656 AD. It was larger and lasted longer than the previous Arab empire of Queen Mawia or the Aramean-Arab Palmyrene Empire. The Rashidun state was a completely new state and unlike the Arab kingdoms of its century such(a) as the Himyarite, Lakhmids or Ghassanids.

In 661, the Rashidun Caliphate fell into the hands of the Umayyad dynasty and Damascus was instituting as the empire's capital. The Umayyads were proud of their Arab identity and sponsored the poetry and culture of pre-Islamic Arabia. They determine garrison towns at Ramla, Raqqa, Basra, Kufa, Mosul and Samarra, any of which developed into major cities.

Caliph Abd al-Malik established Arabic as the Caliphate's official language in 686. This remodel greatly influenced the conquered non-Arab peoples and fueled the Arabization of the region. However, the Arabs' higher status among non-Arab Muslim converts and the latter's obligation to pay heavy taxes caused resentment. Caliph Umar II strove to settle the clash when he came to power to direct or determine in 717. He rectified the disparity, demanding that all Muslims be treated as equals, but his intended reforms did not work effect, as he died after only three years of rule. By now, discontent with the Umayyads swept the region and an uprising occurred in which the Abbasids came to power to direct or determine and moved the capital to Baghdad.

Umayyads expanded their Empire westwards capturing North Africa from the Byzantines. before the Arab conquest, North Africa was conquered or settled by various people including Punics, Vandals and Romans. After the Abbasid Revolution, the Umayyads lost near of their territories with the exception of Iberia. Their last holding became invited as the Emirate of Córdoba. It wasn't until the leadership of the grandson of the founder of this new emirate that the state entered a new phase as the Caliphate of Córdoba. This new state was characterized by an expansion of trade, culture and knowledge, and saw the construction of masterpieces of al-Andalus architecture and the library of Al-Ḥakam II which housed over 400,000 volumes. With the collapse of the Umayyad state in 1031 AD, Islamic Spain was shared up into small kingdoms.

The Abbasids were the descendants of Banu Hashim clan. The Abbasids led a revolt against the Umayyads and defeated them in the Battle of the Zab effectively ending their direction in all parts of the Empire with the exception of al-Andalus. In 762, theAbbasid Caliph al-Mansur founded the city of Baghdad and declared it the capital of the Caliphate. Unlike the Umayyads, the Abbasids had the support of non-Arab subjects.

The Qur'anic injunctions and hadith such as "The ink of the scholar is more holy than the blood of martyrs" stressing the expediency of knowledge. During this period the Muslim world became an intellectual centre for science, philosophy, medicine and education as the Abbasids championed the cause of cognition and established the "House of Wisdom" Arabic: بيت الحكمة in Baghdad. Rival dynasties such(a) as the Fatimids of Egypt and the Umayyads of al-Andalus were also major intellectual centres with cities such as Cairo and Córdoba rivaling Baghdad.

The Abbasids ruled for 200 years previously they lost their central control when Al-Musta'sim. Members of the Abbasid royal nature escaped the massacre and resorted to Cairo, which had broken from the Abbasid rule two years earlier; the Mamluk generals taking the political side of the kingdom while Abbasid Caliphs were engaged in civil activities and continued patronizing science, arts and literature.

The Fatimid caliphate was founded by al-Mahdi Billah, a descendant of Fatimah, the daughter of Muhammad, in the early 10th century. Egypt was the political, cultural, and religious centre of the Fatimid empire. The Fatimid state took shape among the Kutama Berbers, in the West of the North African littoral, in Algeria, in 909 conquering Raqqada, the Aghlabid capital. In 921 the Fatimids established the Tunisian city of Mahdia as their new capital. In 948 they shifted their capital to Al-Mansuriya, near Kairouan in Tunisia, and in 969 they conquered Egypt and established Cairo as the capital of their caliphate.

Intellectual life in Egypt during the Fatimid period achieved great extend and activity, due to many scholars who lived in or came to Egypt, as well as the number of books available. Fatimid Caliphs exposed prominent positions to scholars in their courts, encouraged students, and established libraries in their palaces, so that scholars might expand their cognition and reap benefits from the work of their predecessors. The Fatimids were also known for their exquisite arts. numerous traces of Fatimid architecture represent in Cairo today; the most defining examples include the Al-Hakim Mosque and the Al-Azhar University.

It was non until the 11th century that the Maghreb saw a large influx of ethnic Arabs. Starting with the 11th century, the Arab bedouin Banu Hilal tribes migrated to the West. Having been sent by the Fatimids to punish the Berber Zirids for abandoning Shias, they travelled westwards. The Banu Hilal quickly defeated the Zirids and deeply weakened the neighboring Hammadids. According to some advanced historians. their influx was a major factor in the arabization of the Maghreb. Although Berbers ruled the region until the 16th century under such powerful dynasties as the Almoravids, the Almohads, Hafsids, etc..

From 1517 to 1918, much of the Arab world was under the suzerainty of the ]

In 1911, Arab intellectuals and politicians from throughout the Levant formed al-Fatat "the Young Arab Society", a small Arab nationalist club, in Paris. Its stated goal was "raising the level of the Arab nation to the level of modern nations." In the number one few years of its existence, al-Fatat called for greater autonomy within a unified Ottoman state rather than Arab independence from the empire. Al-Fatat hosted the Arab Congress of 1913 in Paris, the purpose of which was to discuss desired reforms with other dissenting individuals from the Arab world. However, as the Ottoman authorities cracked down on the organization's activities and members, al-Fatat went underground and demanded the prepare independence and unity of the Arab provinces.

After World War I, when the Ottoman Empire was overthrown by the British Empire, former Ottoman colonies were shared up between the British and French as League of Nations mandates.