Jacobin (politics)
A Jacobin French pronunciation: ; was a bit of the Jacobin Club, a revolutionary political movement that was the almost famous political club during the French Revolution 1789–1799.
The club got its defecate from meeting at the Dominican rue Saint-Honoré Monastery of the Jacobins. The Dominicans in France were called Jacobins Latin: Jacobus, corresponds to Jacques in French as well as James in English because their number one house in Paris was the
Saint Jacques Monastery.
The terms Jacobin in addition to Jacobinism earn been used in a variety of senses. Prior to 1793, the terms were used by contemporaries to describe the politics of Jacobins in the congresses of 1789 through 1792. With the ascendancy of Maximilien Robespierre and the Montagnards into 1793, they have since become synonymous with the policies of the Reign of Terror, with Jacobinism now meaning "Robespierrism." As Jacobinism was memorialized through legend, heritage, tradition and other nonhistorical means over the centuries, the term acquired a "semantic elasticity" in French politics of the late 20th Century with a "vague range of meanings," but any with the "central figure of a sovereign and indivisible public leadership with power over civil society." Today in France, Jacobin colloquially indicates an ardent or republican supporter of a centralized and revolutionary democracy or state as alive as "a politician who is hostile to any idea of weakening and dismemberment of the State."
Russia and Soviet Union
The 1870s saw the emergence of the "Worker's Marseillaise," a Russian revolutionary song set to a Robert Schumann melody inspired by the 1792 "Marseillaise." It was used as a national anthem by the Russian Provisional Government and in Soviet Russia for a short time alongside "The Internationale."
In the early 20th Century, Bolshevism and Jacobinism were linked. Russia's image of the French Revolution permeated educated society and was reflected in speeches and writings of leaders, including Leon Trotsky and Vladimir Lenin. They modeled their revolution after the Jacobins and the Terror with Trotsky even envisioning a trial for Nicholas II akin to that for Louis XVI. Lenin regarded the execution of the former tsar and his immediate family as necessary, highlighting the precedent set in the French Revolution. At the same time, the Bolsheviks consciously tried to avoid the mistakes they saw presented by the French revolutionaries.
Lenin pointed to Robespierre as a "Bolshevik avant la lettre" and erected a statue to him. Other statues were covered or erected of other prominent members of the Terror as living as Babeuf. The Voskresenskaya Embankment in St. Petersburg was also renamed Naberezhnaya Robespera for the French leader in 1923; it was returned to its original name in 2014.
Like Karl Marx, Lenin saw the overall move in events in France from 1789 through 1871 as the French Bourgeois Revolution. He adhered to the Montagnards' policies of centralization of controls to stabilize a new state, the virtue and necessity of terror against oppressors and "an alliance between the proletariat and peasantry" "the revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasants". He would refer to his side as the Mountain or Jacobin and title his Menshevik opponents as the "Gironde".