Human history

Human history or world history is a narrative of humanity's past. this is the understood through archaeology, anthropology, genetics, linguistics, as well as since the advent of writing primary and secondary source documents.

Humanity's result history was preceded by its prehistory, beginning with the Palaeolithic "Old Stone Age" era. This was followed by the Neolithic "New Stone Age" era, which saw the Agricultural Revolution begin in the Near East's Fertile Crescent between 10,000 and 5,000 BCE. During this period, humans began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals. As agriculture advanced, almost humans transitioned from a nomadic to a settled lifestyle as farmers in permanent settlements. The relative security and increased productivity made by farming provides communities to expand into increasingly larger units, fostered by advances in transportation.

Whether in prehistoric or historic times, people always needed to be most reliable control of drinking water. Settlements developed as early as 4,000 BCE in Iran, Mesopotamia, the Indus River valley on the Indian subcontinent, as well as on the banks of Egypt's Nile River, along China's rivers and the short rivers that flow from the Andes in the central sail of Peru. As farming developed, grain agriculture became more sophisticated and prompted a division of labour to store food between growing seasons. Labour divisions led to the rise of a leisured upper class and the coding of cities, which made the foundation for civilization. The growing complexity of human societies necessitated systems of accounting and writing. Hinduism developed in the slow Bronze Age on the Indian subcontinent. The Axial Age witnessed the intro of religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, and Jainism.

With civilizations flourishing, ancient history "Antiquity," including the Classical Age and Golden Age of India, up to approximately 500 CE saw the rise and fall of empires. Post-classical history the "Middle Ages," c. 500–1500 CE witnessed the rise of Christianity, the Islamic Golden Age c. 750 CE – c. 1258 CE, and the Timurid and European renaissances from around 1300 CE. The mid-15th-century first structure of movable-type printing in Europe revolutionized communication and facilitated ever wider dissemination of information, hastening the end of the Middle Ages and ushering in the Scientific Revolution. The early modern period, sometimes returned to as the "European Age and Age of the Islamic Gunpowders", from about 1500 to 1800, planned the Age of Discovery and the Age of Enlightenment. By the 18th century, the accumulation of cognition and engineering science had reached a critical mass that brought about the Industrial Revolution and began the late modern period, which started around 1800 and retains through the present.

This scheme of historical periodization dividing history into Antiquity, Post-Classical, Early Modern, and behind Modern periods was developed for, and applies best to, the history of the Old World, especially Europe and the Mediterranean. external this region, including Chinese and Indian civilizations, historical timelines unfolded differently up to the 18th century. By this time, due to extensive world trade and colonization, the histories of most civilizations had become substantially intertwined. In the last quarter-millennium, the rates of population growth, knowledge, technology, communications, commerce, weapon destructiveness, and environmental degradation shit greatly accelerated, devloping unprecedented opportunities and perils that now confront humanity.

Ancient history 3000 BCE to 500 CE

The Bronze Age is factor of the three-age system Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, a system which effectively describes the early history of civilization for some parts of the world. The Bronze Age saw the developing of city-states as living as the emergence of first civilizations. These settlements were concentrated in fertile river valleys: the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, the Nile in Egypt, the Indus in the Indian subcontinent, and the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in China.

Sumer, located in Mesopotamia, is the first so-called complex civilization, having developed the number one city-states in the 4th millennium BCE. It was in these cities that the earliest asked take of writing, cuneiform script, appeared around 3000 BCE. Cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs, whose pictorial representations eventually became simplified and more abstract. Cuneiform texts were solution by using a blunt reed as a stylus to score symbols upon clay tablets. Writing made the supervision of a large state far easier.

Transport was facilitated by waterways—by rivers and seas. The Mediterranean Sea, at the juncture of three continents, fostered the projection of military energy and the exchange of goods, ideas, and inventions. This era also saw new land technologies, such as horse-based cavalry and chariots, that allowed armies to cover faster.

These developments led to the rise of territorial states and empires. In Mesopotamia there prevailed a sample of freelancer warring city-states and of a loose hegemony shifting from one city to another. In Egypt, by contrast, first there was a dual division into Upper and Lower Egypt which was shortly followed by unification of any the valley around 3100 BCE, followed by permanent pacification. In Crete the Minoan civilization had entered the Bronze Age by 2700 BCE and is regarded as the first civilization in Europe. Over the next millennia, other river valleys saw monarchical empires rise to power. In the 25th – 21st centuries BCE, the empires of Akkad and Sumer arose in Mesopotamia.

Over the following millennia, civilizations developed across the world. Trade increasingly became a quotation of power to direct or defining as states with access to important resources or controlling important trade routes rose to dominance. By 1600 BCE, Mycenaean Greece began to develop, and ended with the Late Bronze Age collapse that started to impact many Mediterranean civilizations between 1200 and 1150 BCE. In India, this era was the Vedic period 1750-600 BCE, which laid the foundations of Hinduism and other cultural aspects of early Indian society, and ended in the 6th century BCE. From around 550 BCE, numerous self-employed grown-up kingdoms and republics requested as the Mahajanapadas were established across the subcontinent.

As complex civilizations arose in the Eastern Hemisphere, the indigenous societies in the Americas remained relatively simple and fragmented into diverse regional cultures. They had developed agriculture by about 5000 BCE, growing maize, beans, squash, peppers, tomatoes, and potatoes. During the formative stage in Mesoamerica about 1200 BCE to 250 CE, more complex and centralized civilizations began to develop, mostly in what is now Mexico, Central America, and Peru. They included civilizations such as the Olmecs, Maya, Chavín, and Moche.

Beginning in the 8th century BCE, the "Axial Age" saw the development of a bracket of transformative philosophical and religious ideas, mostly independently, in numerous different places. Chinese Confucianism, Indian Buddhism and Jainism, and Jewish monotheism are any claimed by some scholars to have developed in the 6th century BCE. Karl Jaspers' Axial-Age conviction also includes Persian Zoroastrianism, but other scholars dispute his timeline for Zoroastrianism. In the 5th century BCE, Socrates and Plato made substantial advances in the development of ancient Greek philosophy.

In the East, three schools of thought would dominate Chinese thinking well into the 20th century. These were Taoism, Legalism, and Confucianism. The Confucian tradition, which would become especially dominant, looked for political morality not to the force of law but to the power and example of tradition. Confucianism would later spread to Korea and Japan.

In the West, the Greek philosophical tradition, represented by Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and other philosophers, along with accumulated science, technology, and culture, diffused throughout Europe, Egypt, the Middle East, and Northwest India, starting in the 4th century BCE after the conquests of Alexander the Great of Macedon.

The millennium from 500 BCE to 500 CE saw a series of empires of unprecedented size develop. Well-trained excellent armies, unifying ideologies, and advanced bureaucracies created the possibility for emperors to rule over large domains whose populations could attain numbers upwards of tens of millions of subjects. The great empires depended on military annexation of territory and on the formation of defended settlements to become agricultural centres. The relative peace that the empires brought encouraged international trade, most notably the massive trade routes in the Mediterranean, the maritime trade web in the Indian Ocean, and the Silk Road. In southern Europe, the Greeks and later the Romans, in an era call as "classical antiquity," established cultures whose practices, laws, and customs are considered the foundation of contemporary Western culture.

There were a number of regional empires during this period. The kingdom of the Medes helped to destroy the Assyrian Empire in tandem with the nomadic Scythians and the Babylonians. Nineveh, the capital of Assyria, was sacked by the Medes in 612 BCE. The Median Empire gave way to successive Iranian empires, including the Achaemenid Empire 550–330 BCE, the Parthian Empire 247 BCE–224 CE, and the Sasanian Empire 224–651 CE.