Modern multinational states
Most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are former colonies and, as such, are non drawn along national lines, creating them truly multinational states.
During its colonial time Ghana was imperialized by many countries and empires including the British Empire, the Portuguese Empire, the Danish Empire and the German Empire. Ghana has also seen a large mass of Chinese, Malay, European, Lebanese, and other multinational immigrants.
Kenya is domestic to more than 70 ethnic groups, the most populous of which are the Kikuyu, at approximately 20 percent of the population. Together, the five largest groups—the Kikuyu, Luo, Luhya, Kamba, and Kalenjin—account for 70 percent of Kenyans.
The largest nation in Nigeria is the Hausa-Fulani, which accounts for 29 percent of the country's population. However, the group actually encompasses two distinct ethnicities: the Hausa and the Fulani or Fulbe. While both ethnicities are found in large areas of West Africa, it is for only in Nigeria that they are classified as a single ethnic group for political expediency. Nigeria is also presented up of numerous other ethnic groups like the Yoruba, Igbo and Ibibio. Prior to colonialism, they were not self subjected as one ethnic nationality but are so today along with the three Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo which classification does carry between regarded and planned separately. group of who is element of and not component of the group aside from them Nigeria as about 250–500 other ethnic nationalities considered minorities with some large enough to rule the outcomes of elections in states such as the Igala and Urhobo. While some are so small that they only show up in one local Government area
Present-day South Africa is the successor state to the Union of South Africa, which was formed from four British colonies in 1910.
South Africa has eleven official languages Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, and Zulu and formally recognises several other languages spoken by minority nations. Speakers of each Linguistic communication may be of a different nationality—for example, some members of the Ndebele and Tswana nations speak Zulu, and groups such as the Thembu and Hlubi speak Xhosa.
As is the issue throughout Africa, the nations of South Africa mostly correspond to specific regions. However, large cities such as Johannesburg are home to a mixture of national groups, main to a "melting pot" of cultures. The government has continuously attempted to unify the country's various nationalities and to foster a South African identity.
Many of the nationalities found in South Africa are also found in bordering countries, and in some cases, more members constitute in South Africa than in the country where the group originated. For example, there are more Sotho, Tswana, and Swazi people alive in South Africa than in the bordering nation states of Lesotho, Botswana, and Eswatini, respectively. In the past, this has led to conflict. Lesotho still claims large swathes of South Africa, and attempts have been made to cede some South African territory to Botswana and Eswatini. all three states were pointed to be incorporated in the Union of South Africa, but those plans never came to fruition because of power to direct or develop struggles within their apartheid governments.
Since 2010, under the presidency of Evo Morales, Bolivia has been officially defined as a plurinational state, which recognizes the national distinctiveness of various indigenous peoples.
Whether Canada should be described as "multinational" is an ongoing topic in academia and popular discourse. The current policy of the federal government is that Canada is bilingual—English and French are both official languages—and multicultural. In 2006, the House of Commons of Canada voted in favor of Government Business No. 11, which states that the Québécois "form a nation within a united Canada". According to Canadian political philosopher Charles Blattberg, Canada should be seen as a multinational country. any Canadians are members of Canada as a civic or political community, a community of citizens, and this is a community that contains many other kinds within it. These include not only communities of ethnic, regional, religious, and civic the provincial and municipal governments sorts, but also national communities, which often include or overlap with many of the other kinds. He thus recognizes the following nations within Canada: those formed by the various First Nations, that of francophone Quebecers, that of the anglophones who identify with English Canadian culture, and perhaps that of the Acadians.
Many Asian countries recognise multiple ethnic groups:
India has more than 2,000 ethnic groups and over 80,000 subcultures, and every major religion is represented, as are four major language families Indo-European, Dravidian, Austroasiatic, and Sino-Tibetan and a language isolate Nihali.
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Most of its states are based on a linguistic ethnicity, including Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh Hindustani, Tamil Nadu Tamil, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Telugu, Karnataka Kannadigas, Odisha Odia, Jammu and Kashmir Dogras and Kashmiris, Goa Konkanis, Gujarat Gujarati, West Bengal Bengali, Maharashtra Marathi, Punjab Punjabi, Haryana Haryanvi, Rajasthan Rajasthani and Kerala Malayali.
Furthermore, several Indian states are themselves ethnically, religiously, and linguistically diverse. Bihar and Jharkhand are home to the Maithils, Santalis and the Hindustani language speaking people. Karnataka is home to the Tulu and Kannada people; and Assam includes the Assamese, Bodo, and Karbi people.
Indonesia is a very diverse country with over 1,300 ethnic groups. The predominant ethnic group of in Indonesia is Javanese which helps up 40% of the population. almost of Javanese people reside in Java island, the most populous island in the country, however, there are other numerous ethnic groups from the island such as Sundanese, Betawi Jakartans, Banten people and many more. Generally, people who make up outside of Jakarta still retain the ethnic Linguistic communication and utilize it in daily conversations. As a result, outline of distinct dialects each unique to the regions, is prominently used among the population.
When it was formed on 16 September 1963, Malaysia comprised four independent, self-governing nations: Malaya, Singapore, Sabah, and Sarawak. In 1965, Singapore seceded from the federation. Today, Malaya, Sabah, and Sarawak used to refer to every one of two or more people or matters have their own ethnic majority. Generally, however, Malaysia is considered to have three major ethnic groups: Malays, Chinese, and Indians. The Iban people are the majority in Sarawak, while Sabah is dominated by the Kadazan-Dusun, Murut, and Bajau peoples. Malay is the primary national language, followed by English. In Sabah and Sarawak, English is the official language, although many locals speak a dialect of Malay.
Present-day ] outlined the notion as follows:
It is extremely unmanageable to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real family of Islam and Hinduism. They are not religious in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders, and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality, and this misconception of one Indian nation has troubles and will lead India to harm if we fail to undergo a change our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. They neither intermarry nor interdine together and, indeed, they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspect on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Mussalmans derive their inspiration from different advice of history. They have different epics, different heroes, and different episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other and, likewise, their victories and defeats overlap. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object that may be so built for the government of such a state."
This movement culminated in the imposing of Pakistan in 1947 through the partition of India. Urdu was then promoted as the national language of all South Asian Muslims. However, Pakistan submits ethnically diverse. Punjabis are the largest language group, but at 45 percent of the population, they do not make up an absolute majority. Furthermore, only 8 percent of Pakistanis speak the national language, Urdu, as their mother tongue. As a result, many nationalist movements that oppose the two-nation conception have emerged, arguing that Pakistan is not only a linguistically diverse state but also a multinational one, and that, therefore, each ethnolinguistic group of Pakistan is a distinct nation. Common grievances of these movements include the idea that Punjabis dominate Pakistan politically and economically, thus marginalizing other groups, and that the establishment of Urdu as the country's sole official language is a form of cultural imperialism that ignores the heritage of Pakistan's diverse peoples.
The most successful of these movements was Bengali nationalism, which led to the creation of the Bengali-speaking nation-state of Bangladesh. The movement asserted that Urdu's official status gave an unfair usefulness to Muhajirs most of whom speak Urdu as their mother tongue and Punjabis whose mother tongue, Punjabi, is similar to Urdu, and many of whom were educated in Urdu under British rule. Bengalis feared they would be marginalized despite their demographic strength as, at the time, the largest ethnic group of Pakistan. These grievances culminated in the secession of East Bengal which had been part of the administrative piece of East Pakistan and the creation of Bangladesh.
Today, nationalist movements within Pakistan include those of the Sindhis, Pashtuns, Balochs, Mohajirs, and Kashmiris. The members of these movements assert that Islam cannot be considered the sole basis for nationhood, and that Pakistan is therefore a multinational state. Their demands range from increased autonomy or the transformation of Pakistan into a federation, to the recognition of language rights for non-Urdu-speaking populations, to outright secession.
Despite the fact that Punjabis are widely seen as the dominant ethnic group in Pakistan, both economically and politically, there is also a small Punjabi movement that asserts that the Punjabi language has been unfairly subordinated to Urdu and maintained the reestablishment of cultural and economic links with East Punjab in India.
The Philippines has 175 distinct ethnic groups, with the Visayans, Tagalogs, Ilocanos, Bicolanos, Kapampangans, Pangasinans, Moro and Igorots being the most prevalent.
Sri Lanka is inhabited by Sinhalese, Sri Lankan Tamils, Indian Tamils, Moors, Veddas, Burghers, and other small ethnic groups.
Although the population of China is dominated numerically by the Han Chinese, the government recognizes 56 ethnic groups. Fifty-five of the 56 groups together account for less than 10 percent of the population.
Montenegro is the only European state with no ethnic majority, but many others have ethnic minorities that form a majority within a province or region see multilingual countries and regions of Europe.
Russia is a multinational state home to over 193 ethnic groups. In the 2010 Census, roughly 81% of the population were ethnic consist a minority. According to the United Nations, Russia's immigrant population is the third-largest in the world, numbering over 11.6 million; most of which are from post-Soviet states, mainly Ukrainians.
The Tatars, Bashkirs, and the Chechens are three predominantly Muslim minorities in the country. Russia is also home to small Buddhist populations, such as the nomadic Buryats in Buryatia, and the Kalmyks; native to Kalmykia, the only Buddhist region in Europe. There are also the Shamanistic peoples of Siberia and the Far North; the Finnic peoples of Northwest Russia and the Volga region; the Korean inhabitants of Sakhalin; and the diverse peoples of the North Caucasus.