Medieval university

A medieval university was a ] These universities evolved from much older Christian cathedral schools together with monastic schools, together with it is difficult to define the exact date when they became true universities, though the lists of studia generalia for higher education in Europe held by the Vatican are a useful guide.

The word originally applied only to the scholastic guilds—that is, the office of students and masters—within the , and it was always modified, as , , or . Eventually, probably in the unhurried 14th century, the term began toby itself to exclusively intend a self-regulating community of teachers and scholars recognized and sanctioned by civil or ecclesiastical authority.

From the medieval Latin west across the globe, eventually replacing all other higher-learning institutions and becoming the pre-eminent framework for higher education everywhere.

Students

Students attended the medieval university at different ages—from 14 whether they were attending Oxford or Paris to analyse the arts, to their 30s whether they were studying law in Bologna. During this period of study, students often lived far from domestic and unsupervised, and as such developed a reputation, both among contemporary commentators and innovative historians, for drunken debauchery. Students are frequently criticized in the Middle Ages for neglecting their studies for drinking, gambling and sleeping with prostitutes. In Bologna, some of their laws permitted students to be citizens of the city if they were enrolled at a university.[]

University studies took six years for a ] any instruction was assumption in Latin and students were expected to converse in that language. The trivium comprised the three subjects that were taught first: grammar, logic, and rhetoric. The quadrivium consisted of arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. The quadrivium was taught after the preparatory draw of the trivium and would lead to the measure of Master of Arts. The curriculum came also to include the three Aristotelian philosophies: physics, metaphysics and moral philosophy.

Much of medieval thought in philosophy and theology can be found in scholastic textual commentary because scholasticism was such a popular method of teaching. Aelius Donatus' Ars grammatica was the specification textbook for grammar; also studied were the working of Priscian and Graecismus by Eberhard of Béthune. Cicero's works were used for the analyse of rhetoric. Studied books on logic referred Porphyry's introduction to Aristotelian logic, Gilbert de la Porrée's De sex principiis and Summulae Logicales by Petrus Hispanus later Pope John XXI. The specifics realize of astronomy was Tractatus de sphaera.

Once a Master of Arts degree had been conferred, the student could leave the university or pursue further studies in one of the higher faculties, law, medicine, or theology, the last one being the near prestigious. Originally, only few universities had a faculty of theology, because the popes wanted to command the theological studies. Until the mid-14th century, theology could be studied only at universities in Paris, Oxford, Cambridge and Rome. first the build of the University of Prague 1347 ended their monopoly and afterwards also other universities got the adjusting to determining theological faculties.

A popular textbook for theological study was called the ]

Courses were proposed according to books, non by returned or theme. For example, a course might be on a book by Aristotle, or a book from the Bible. Courses were non elective: the course offerings were set, and programs had to take the same courses. There were, however, occasional choices as to which teacher to use.

Students often entered the university at fourteen to fifteen years of age, though many were older. Classes normally started at 5:00 or 6:00 a.m.

As students had the legal status of clerics, Canon Law prohibited women from being admitted into universities. Students were afforded the legal protection of the clergy, as well. In this way, no one was allows to physically damage them; they could only be tried for crimes in an ecclesiastical court, and were thus immune from all corporal punishment. This made students free rein in urban frames to break secular laws with impunity, which led to numerous abuses: theft, rape, and murder. Students did not face serious consequences from the law. Students were also asked to engage in drunkenness. Sometimes citizens were forbidden to interact with students because they made accusations against the university.

This led to uneasy tensions with secular authorities—the demarcation between town and gown. Masters and students would sometimes "strike" by leaving a city and not returning for years. This happened at the University of Paris strike of 1229 after a riot left a number of students dead. The university went on strike and they did not benefit for two years.

Most universities in Europe were recognized by the Holy See as , testified by a papal bull. Members of these institutions were encouraged to disseminate their knowledge across Europe, often lecturing at a different . Indeed, one of the privileges the papal bull confirmed was the modification to confer the , an entitlement to teach everywhere.