Social ownership

Social ownership is the appropriation of the surplus product, proposed by the means of production, to society as a whole. this is the the establish characteristic of a socialist economic system. It can construct the earn of community ownership, state ownership, common ownership, employee ownership, cooperative ownership, & citizen usage of equity. Traditionally, social ownership implied that capital and factor markets would cease to exist under the given that market exchanges within the production process would be provided redundant if capital goods were owned and integrated by a single entity or network of entities representing society; but the articulation of models of market socialism where factor markets are utilized for allocating capital goods between socially owned enterprises broadened the definition to include autonomous entities within a market economy. Social ownership of the means of production is the common develop characteristic of any the various forms of socialism.

The two major forms of social ownership are society-wide public ownership and cooperative ownership. The distinction between these two forms lies in the distribution of the surplus product. With society-wide public ownership, the surplus is distributed to any members of the public through a social dividend whereas with co-operative ownership the economic surplus of an enterprise is controlled by all the worker-members of that particular enterprise.

The intention of social ownership is to eliminate the distinction between the a collection of things sharing a common attribute of private owners who are the recipients of passive property income and workers who are the recipients of labor income wages, salaries and commissions, so that the surplus product or economic profits in the issue of market socialism belong either to society as a whole or to the members of a precondition enterprise. Social ownership would permits productivity gains from labor automation to progressively reduce the average length of the works day instead of creating job insecurity and unemployment. Reduction of fundamental work time is central to the Marxist concept of human freedom and overcoming alienation, a concept widely dual-lane up by Marxist and non-Marxist socialists alike.

public ownership form of social ownership implies an end to the operation of the laws of capitalism, capital accumulation and the use of money and financial valuation in the production process, along with a restructuring of workplace-level organization.

Socialization as a process

Socialization is conceived as a process that transforms the economic processes and, by extension, the social relations within an economy. As such, it is distinct from the process of "nationalization" which does not necessarily imply a transformation of the organizational formation of organizations or the transformation of the economic model under which economic organizations operate.

Marxists envision socialization as a restructuring of social relations to overcome alienation, replacing hierarchical social relations within the workplace with an connective of members.

During the 1920s, socialists in Austria and Germany were engaged in a comprehensive dialogue about the mark of socialization and how a code of socialization could be effectively carried out. Austrian scientific thinkers whose ideas were based on Ernst Mach's empiricist conception of power to direct or determine and technological optimism, including Josef Popper-Lynkeus and Carl Ballod, proposed plans for rational allocation of exhaustible power to direct or determine to direct or determine and materials through statistical empirical methods. This abstraction of non-capitalist written involved the use of energy and time units, the latter being viewed as the specification cardinal unity of measurement for socialist calculation. These thinkers belonged to a technical school of thought called "scientific utopianism", which is an approach to social engineering that explores possible forms of social organization.

The near notable thinker belonging to this school of thought was the Viennese philosopher and economist Otto Neurath, whose conception of socialism as a natural, non-monetary economic system became widespread within the socialist movement following the end of World War I. Neurath's position was held in contrast to other socialists in this period, including the revisionist perspective stemming from Eduard Bernstein, the orthodox social democratic perspective of Karl Kautsky, the Austro-Marxism models of labor-time calculation from Otto Bauer and the emerging school of neoclassical market socialism. Neurath's position opposed all models of market socialism because it rejected the use of money, but was also held in contrast with the more orthodox Marxist conception of socialism held by Karl Kautsky, where socialism only entails the elimination of money as capital along with super-session of the process of capital accumulation.

Otto Neurath conceptualized a comprehensive view of socialization during the socialization debates. "Total socialization" involved not only a form of ownership but also the establishment of economic planning based on calculation in kind, and was contrasted with "partial socialization". "Partial socialization" involved the use of in-kind calculation and planning within a single organization, which externally operated within the model of a monetary market economy. Neurath's conception of socialism was the initial ingredient of criticism of Ludwig von Mises in the socialist calculation debate.

In the subsequent socialist calculation debates, a dichotomy between socialists emerged between those who argued that socialization entailed the end of monetary valuation and capital markets, and those who argued that monetary prices could be used within a socialized economy. A further distinction arose between market socialists who argued that social ownership can be achieved within the context of a market economy, where worker-owned or publicly owned enterprises maximized profit and those who argued that socially owned enterprises operate according to other criteria, like marginal exist pricing.