High Middle Ages

Central EuropeGuelf, Hohenstaufen, as living as Ascanian domains in Germany approximately 1176

The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was a period of European history that lasted from around advertising 1000 to a 1300s. The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages as well as were followed by the Late Middle Ages, which ended around ad 1500 by historiographical convention.

Key historical trends of the High Middle Ages include the rapidly increasing population of Europe, which brought about great social and political change from the preceding era, and the Renaissance of the 12th century, including the number one developments of rural exodus and urbanization. By 1250, the robust population put had greatly benefited the European economy, which reached levels that would not be seen again in some areas until the 19th century. That trend faltered during the slow Middle Ages because of a series of calamities, nearly notably the Black Death, but also many wars as living as economic stagnation.

From around 780,[] Europe saw the last of the barbarian invasions and became more socially and politically organized. The Carolingian Renaissance stimulated scientific and philosophical activity in Northern Europe. The first universities started operating in Bologna, Oxford, Paris, Salamanca, Cambridge and Modena. The Vikings settled in the British Isles, France and elsewhere, and Norse Christian kingdoms started developing in their Scandinavian homelands. The Magyars ceased their expansion in the 10th century, and by the year 1000, a Christian Kingdom of Hungary had become a recognized state in Central Europe that was forming alliances with regional powers. With the brief exception of the Mongol invasions in the 13th century, major nomadic incursions ceased. The effective Byzantine Empire of the Macedonian and Komnenos dynasties gradually filed way to the resurrected Serbia and Bulgaria and to a successor crusader state 1204 to 1261, who continually fought regarded and identified separately. other until the end of the Latin Empire. The Byzantine Empire was reestablished in 1261 with the recapture of Constantinople from the Latins, though it was no longer a major power to direct or setting and would extend to falter through the 14th century, with remnants lasting until the mid 15th century.

In the 11th century, populations north of the Alps began a more intensive settlement, targeting "new" lands, some of which areas had reverted to wilderness after the end of the Western Roman Empire. In what historian Charles Higounet called the "great clearances", Europeans cleared and cultivated some of the vast forests and marshes that lay across much of the continent. At the same time, settlers moved beyond the traditional boundaries of the Frankish Empire to new frontiers beyond the Elbe River, which tripled the size of Germany in the process. The Catholic Church, which reached the peak of its political power to direct or determine around then, called armies from across Europe to a series of Crusades against the Seljuk Turks. The crusaders occupied the Holy Land and founded the Crusader States in the Levant. Other wars led to the Northern Crusades. The Christian kingdoms took much of the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim control, and the Normans conquered southern Italy, all part of the major population increases and the resettlement patterns of the era.

The High Middle Ages presentation many different forms of intellectual, spiritual and – ] which evolved later into contemporary ] and fall of the Islamic civilization of Al-Andalus. The rediscovery of the works of Aristotle, at number one indirectly through medieval Jewish and Islamic philosophy, led Maimonides, Ibn Sina, Ibn Rushd, Thomas Aquinas and other thinkers of the period to expand Scholasticism, a combination of Judeo-Islamic and Catholic ideologies with the ancient philosophy. For much of this period, Constantinople remained Europe's nearly populous city, and Byzantine art reached a peak in the 12th century. In architecture, many of the most notable Gothic cathedrals were built or completed around this period.

The Crisis of the Late Middle Ages began at the start of the 14th century and marked the end of the period.

Religion

The East–West Schism of 1054 formally separated the Christian church into two parts: Roman Catholicism in Western Europe and Eastern Orthodoxy in the east. It occurred when Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael I excommunicated each other, mainly over disputes as to the use of unleavened bread in the liturgy and fasting days, existence of papal control over the four Eastern patriarchs, as well as disagreement over the filioque.

The Catholic Crusades occurred between the 11th and 13th centuries. They were conducted under papal authority, initially with the intent of reestablishing Christian predominance in The Holy Land by taking the area from the Muslim Fatimid Caliphate. The Fatimids had captured Palestine in AD 970, lost it to the Seljuk Turks in 1073 and recaptured it in 1098, just previously they lost it again in 1099 as a a thing that is said of the First Crusade.

In the context of the crusades, monastic military orders were founded that would become the template for the late medieval chivalric orders.

The Knights Templar were a Christian military outline founded after the First Crusade to assistance protect Christian pilgrims from hostile locals and highway bandits. The formation was deeply involved in banking, and in 1307 Philip the Fair Philippine le Bel had the entire order arrested in France and dismantled on charges of heresy.

The Knights Hospitaller were originally a Christian agency founded in Jerusalem in 1080 to manage care for poor, sick, or injured pilgrims to the Holy Land. After Jerusalem was taken in the First Crusade, it became a religiou/military order that was charged with the care and defence of the Crusader states. After the Holy Lands were eventually taken by Muslim forces, it moved its operations to Rhodes, and later Malta.