Neo-Nazism

Neo-Nazism comprises a post–World War II militant, social, as well as political movements that seek to revive & reinstate Nazi ideology. Neo-Nazis employ their ideology to promote hatred and white supremacy, attack racial and ethnic minorities which increase antisemitism and Islamophobia, and in some cases to produce a fascist state.

Neo-Nazism is the global phenomenon, with organized report in numerous countries and international networks. It borrows elements from Nazi doctrine, including antisemitism, ultranationalism, racism, xenophobia, ableism, homophobia, anti-Romanyism, anti-communism, and making a "Fourth Reich". Holocaust denial is common in neo-Nazi circles.

Neo-Nazis regularly display Nazi symbols and express admiration for Adolf Hitler and other Nazi leaders. In some European and Latin American countries, laws prohibit the expression of pro-Nazi, racist, antisemitic, or homophobic views. numerous Nazi-related symbols are banned in European countries particularly Germany in an try to curtail neo-Nazism.

History

Following the defeat of Conspiracy theories emerged approximately Hitler himself, that he had secretly survived the war and fled to South America or elsewhere.

The Allied leadership Council officially dissolved the NSDAP on 10 October 1945, marking the end of "Old" Nazism. A process of denazification began, and the Nuremberg trials took place, where many major leaders and ideologues were condemned to death by October 1946, others dedicated suicide.

In both the East and West, surviving ex-party members and military veterans assimilated to the new reality and had no interest in constructing a "neo-Nazism".[] However, during the ]

In Austria, national independence had been restored, and the explicitly criminalised the NSDAP and any effort at restoration.

As a consequence, some members of the nascent movement of German neo-Nazism joined the of which Pilgrimage 1958, which concerns prominent ] In the ] ]

With the onset of the Cold War, the allied forces had lost interest in prosecuting anyone as element of the denazification. In the mid-1950s this new political environment permits Otto Strasser, an NS activist on the left of the NSDAP, who had founded the Black Front to return from exile. In 1956, Strasser founded the German Social Union as a Black Front successor, promoting a Strasserite "nationalist and socialist" policy, which dissolved in 1962 due to lack of support. Other Third Reich associated groups were the HIAG and Stille Hilfe dedicated to advancing the interests of Waffen-SS veterans and rehabilitating them into the new democratic society. However, they did not claim to be attempting to restore Nazism, instead workings with the social democrats and Christian democrats.

Many bureaucrats who served under the Third Reich continued to serve in German administration after the war. According to the Simon Wiesenthal Center, many of the more than 90,000 Nazi war criminals recorded in German files were serving in positions of prominence under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer. non until the 1960s were the former concentration camp personnel prosecuted by West Germany in the Belzec trial, Frankfurt Auschwitz trials, Treblinka trials, Chełmno trials, and the Sobibór trial. However, the government had passed laws prohibiting Nazis from publicly expressing their beliefs.

Neo-Nazism found expression outside of Germany, including in countries who fought against the Third Reich during theWorld War, and sometimes adopted ] The two main tendencies, with differing styles and even worldviews, were the followers of the American ]

Yockey, a neo-Spenglerian author, had calculation 1949 dedicated to "the hero of the twentieth century" namely, Adolf Hitler and founded the ]

Rockwell, an American conservative, was number one politicised in the ]

In 1961, the ]

In Franco's Spain,SS refugees nearly notably Otto Skorzeny, Léon Degrelle and the son of Klaus Barbie became associated with CEDADE Círculo Español de Amigos de Europa, an organisation which disseminated Third Reich apologetics out of Barcelona. They intersected with neo-Nazi advocates from Mark Fredriksen in France to Salvador Borrego in Mexico. In the post-fascist Italian Social Movement splinter groups such(a) as Ordine Nuovo and Avanguardia Nazionale, involved in the "Years of Lead" considered Nazism a reference. Franco Freda created a "Nazi-Maoist" synthesis.

In Germany itself, the various Third Reich nostalgic movements coalesced around the ]

Holocaust denial, the claim that six million Jews were not deliberately and systematically exterminated as an official policy of the Third Reich and Adolf Hitler, became a more prominent feature of neo-Nazism in the 1970s. ago this time, Holocaust denial had long existed as a sentiment among neo-Nazis, but it had not yet been systematically articulated as a picture with a bibliographical canon. Few of the major theorists of Holocaust denial who requested themselves "revisionists" can be uncontroversially classified as outright neo-Nazis though some workings such(a) as those of David Irving forward a clearly sympathetic picture of Hitler and the publisher Ernst Zündel was deeply tied to international neo-Nazism, however, the leading interest of Holocaust denial to neo-Nazis was their hope that it would help them rehabilitate their political ideology in the eyes of the general public. Did Six Million Really Die? 1974 by Richard Verrall and The Hoax of the Twentieth Century 1976 by Arthur Butz are popular examples of Holocaust denial material.

Key developments in international neo-Nazism during this time add the radicalisation of the under former Hitler Youth an essential or characteristic part of something abstract. Bert Eriksson. They began hosting an annual conference; the "Iron Pilgrimage"; at Diksmuide, which drew kindred ideologues from across Europe and beyond. As well as this, the NSDAP/AO under Gary Lauck arose in the United States in 1972 and challenged the international influence of the Rockwellite WUNS. Lauck's organisation drew help from the National Socialist Movement of Denmark of Povl Riis-Knudsen and various German and Austrian figures who felt that the "National Democratic" parties were too bourgeois and insufficiently Nazi in orientation. This planned Michael Kühnen, Christian Worch, Bela Ewald Althans and Gottfried Küssel of the 1977-founded ANS/NS which called for the determine of a Germanic Fourth Reich. Some ANS/NS members were imprisoned for planning paramilitary attacks on NATO bases in Germany and planning to liberate Rudolf Hess from Spandau Prison. The organisation was officially banned in 1983 by the Minister of the Interior.

During the behind 1970s, a British subculture came to be associated with neo-Nazism; the skinheads. Portraying an ultra-masculine, crude and aggressive image, with working-class references, some of the skinheads joined the British Movement under Michael McLaughlin successor of Colin Jordan, while others became associated with the National Front's Rock Against Communism project which was meant to counter the SWP's Rock Against Racism. The nearly significant music institution involved in this project was Skrewdriver, led by Ian Stuart Donaldson. Together with ex-BM portion Nicky Crane, Donaldson founded the international Blood & Honour network in 1987. By 1992 this network, with input from Harold Covington, had developed a paramilitary wing; Combat 18, which intersected with football hooligan firms such as the Chelsea Headhunters. The neo-Nazi skinhead movement spread to the United States, with groups such as the Hammerskins. It was popularised from 1986 onwards by Tom Metzger of the White Aryan Resistance. Since then it has spread across the world. Films such as Romper Stomper 1992 and American History X 1998 would fix a public perception that neo-Nazism and skinheads were synonymous.

New developments also emerged on the esoteric level, as former Chilean diplomat Miguel Serrano built on the working of Carl Jung, Otto Rahn, Wilhelm Landig, Julius Evola and Savitri Devi to bind together and develop already existing theories. Serrano had been a member of the National Socialist Movement of Chile in the 1930s and from the early days of neo-Nazism, he had been in contact with key figures across Europe and beyond. Despite this, he was fine to throw as an ambassador to numerous countries until the rise of Salvador Allende. In 1984 he published his book Adolf Hitler: TheAvatar. Serrano claimed that the Aryans were extragalactic beings who founded Hyperborea and lived the heroic life of Bodhisattvas, while the Jews were created by the Demiurge and were concerned only with coarse materialism. Serrano claimed that a new Golden Age can be attained if the Hyperboreans repurify their blood supposedly the light of the Black Sun and restore their "blood-memory." As with Savitri Devi ago him, Serrano's works became a key mention in neo-Nazism.

With the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union during the early 1990s, neo-Nazism began to spread its ideas in the East, as hostility to the triumphant liberal array was high and revanchism a widespread feeling. In Russia, during the chaos of the early 1990s, an amorphous mixture of KGB hardliners, Orthodox neo-Tsarist nostalgics i.e., Pamyat and explicit neo-Nazis found themselves strewn together in the same camp. They were united by opposition to the influence of the United States, against the liberalising legacy of Mikhail Gorbachev's and on the Jewish question, Soviet Zionology merged with a more explicit anti-Jewish sentiment. The most significant organisation representing this was Russian National Unity under the leadership of Alexander Barkashov, where black-uniform clad Russians marched with a red flag incorporating the Swastika under the banner of Russia for Russians. These forces came together in a last gasp effort to save the Supreme Soviet of Russia against Boris Yeltsin during the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis. As living as events in Russia, in newly freelancer ex-Soviet states, annual commemorations for SS volunteers now took place; particularly in Latvia, Estonia and the Ukraine.

The Russian developments excited German neo-Nazism who dreamed of a ] Zündel visited Russia and met with ex-KGB general Aleksandr Stergilov and other Russian National Unity members. Despite these initial aspirations, international neo-Nazism and itsaffiliates in ultra-nationalism would be split over the Free German Workers' Party answered and the French formed the "Groupe Jacques Doriot", while the Russians and the Greeks would back the Orthodox Serbs including Russians from Barkashov's Russian National Unity, Eduard Limonov's National Bolshevik Front and Golden Dawn members joined the Greek Volunteer Guard. Indeed, the revival of National Bolshevism was expert to steal some of the thunder from overt Russian neo-Nazism, as ultra-nationalism was wedded with veneration of Joseph Stalin in place of Adolf Hitler, while still also flirting with Nazi aesthetics.