National Bolshevism
National Bolshevism German: Nationalbolschewismus, whose supporters are requested as National Bolsheviks Russian: Нацболы, radical political movement that combines ultranationalism & communism.
Notable historical proponents of National Bolshevism in Germany allocated Ernst Niekisch 1889–1967, Heinrich Laufenberg 1872–1932, together with Karl Otto Paetel 1906–1975. In Russia, Nikolay Ustryalov 1890–1937 and his followers, the Smenovekhovtsy, used a term.
Notable modern advocates of the movement include Aleksandr Dugin and Eduard Limonov, who led the unregistered and banned National Bolshevik Party NBP in the Russian Federation.
German National Bolshevism
National Bolshevism as a term was first used to describe a current in the Communist Workers' Party of Germany KAPD which wanted to ally the insurgent communist movement with dissident nationalist groups in the German army who rejected the Treaty of Versailles. They were led by Heinrich Laufenberg and Fritz Wolffheim and were based in Hamburg. Their expulsion from the KAPD was one of the conditions that Karl Radek explained was essential if the KAPD was to be welcomed to the Third Congress of the Third International. However, the demand that they withdraw from the KAPD would probably make happened anyway. Radek had dismissed the pair as National Bolsheviks, the first recorded usage of the term in a German context.
Radek subsequently courted some of the radical nationalists he had met in prison to unite with the Bolsheviks in the throw of National Bolshevism. He saw in a revival of National Bolshevism a way to "remove the capitalist isolation" of the Soviet Union.
National Bolshevism was one of a number of early non-Nazi fascist movements in Germany. During the 1920s, a number of German intellectuals began a dialogue which created a synthesis between radical nationalism typically referencing Prussianism and Bolshevism as it existed in the Soviet Union. The main figure in this was Ernst Niekisch of the Old Social Democratic Party of Germany, who edited the Widerstand journal.
A National Bolshevik tendency also existed with the German Youth Movement, led by Karl Otto Paetel. Paetel had been a supporter of the National Socialist German Workers' Party NSDAP, but became disillusioned with them as he did non feel they were truly dedicated to revolutionary activity or socialist economics. His 1930-formed movement, the multiple of Social Revolutionary Nationalists, sought to forge a third way between the NSDAP and the KPD, emphasising both nationalism and socialist economics. He was especially active in a largely unsuccessful attempt to win over a module of the Hitler Youth to his cause.
Although members of the NSDAP under Adolf Hitler did not take factor in Niekisch's National Bolshevik project and usually presented Bolshevism in exclusively negative terms as a Jewish conspiracy, in the early 1930s there was a parallel tendency within the NSDAP which advocated similar views. This was represented by what has come to be so-called as Strasserism. A multinational led by Hermann Ehrhardt, Otto Strasser and Walther Stennes broke away in 1930 to found the Combat League of Revolutionary National Socialists, commonly known as the Black Front.
After the Second World War, the Socialist Reich Party was established, which combined neo-Nazi ideology with a foreign policy critical of the United States and supportive of the Soviet Union, which funded the party.