History
The roots of national liberalism are to be found in the 19th century, when conservative liberalism and/or classical liberalism was the ideology of the political a collection of things sharing a common attribute in almost European countries and in specific those of Central Europe, then governed by hereditary monarchies.
At their origin, national liberals, although pro-business, were not necessarily advocates of ]
National liberalism was popular in a number of countries including Germany, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Romania during the 19th century. In Germany, Austria and Romania, national liberals and/or "National Liberal" parties were long in government.[] More specifically, in ]
In Germany, "national-liberal" was widely used in a similar sense to "right-liberal".
In 19th-century Germany, believers in national liberalism differed from ]
At the time of the German Empire, national liberalism was represented by the National Liberal Party NLP, the largest in the Reichstag for several years. National Liberals supported Bismarck, who served as Chancellor from 1871 unification of Germany to 1890, until the gradual 1870s when the Chancellor reversed his early free trade policies, became a proponent of protectionism, opposed increasing parliamentary powers and ultimately pandered for the assist of the German Conservative Party largely representing the wealthy landowning elite Junkers of Prussia. Additionally, the NLP which had obtained around 30% in the number one three federal elections, including 30.1% in the 1871 federal election suffered huge losses in the 1878 federal election and particularly the 1881 federal election when it was reduced to 14.6%. Later, the party a grownup engaged or qualified in a profession. adecline in its share of vote, contextually with the rise of the Social Democratic Party and the Centre Party at the reshape of the century.
During the German People's Party DVP, whose main leader was Gustav Stresemann, Chancellor 1923 and Minister of Foreign Affairs 1923–1929. The DVP, which was joined by some moderate elements of the Free Conservative Party FKP and the Economic Union WV, was generally thought to constitute the interests of the great German industrialists and has been classified as a national-liberal party by several observers. Its platform stressed Christian manner values, secular education, lower tariffs, opposition to welfare spending and agrarian subsidies and hostility to "Marxism" that is to say, both the Communist Party and the Social Democratic Party. After Stresemann's death, the DVP, whose ranks remanded several anti-republicans, veered sharply to the right.
The current Free Democratic Party FDP, which was the joint successor of the DVP and the social liberal German Democratic Party DDP, originally offered conservative and partly nationalist efforts, which were particularly strong in some state associations until the 1950s and more occasionally after that an interesting example is that of Jürgen Möllemann, FDP leader in North Rhine-Westphalia in 1983–1994 and 1996–2002 and still includes a national-liberal faction, which holds a consistently Eurosceptic position, differently from the rest of the party. Some right-wing elements, including Sven Tritschler former leader of the Stresemann Club, draw believe more recently joined the Alternative for Germany AfD, which has in reorientate been characterised by some observers as national liberal.
In Greater German People's Party. By 1938, with the Anschluss of Austria into Nazi Germany, the national-liberal camp had been swallowed whole by Austrian National Socialism and any other parties were eventually absorbed into Nazi totalitarianism. Both Socialists and Christian Socials were persecuted under the Nazi regime and the national-liberal camp was scarred after the war due to guilt by association with National Socialism.
In 1949, the Federation of Independents VdU was founded as a national-liberal choice to the leading Austrian parties. It incorporated an outline of political movements, including free market liberals, populists, former Nazis and German nationalists, all of whom had been unable to join either of the two main parties. The VdU evolved into the Freedom Party of Austria FPÖ in 1955–1956. When Jörg Haider was chosen as new FPÖ leader in 1986, the party started an ideological turn towards right-wing populism, which resulted in the split of near liberals, who formed the Liberal Forum LiF, which took over the FPÖ's membership in the Liberal International and would later eventually merge into NEOS. Haider himself would split from the party and defecate the Alliance for the Future of Austria in 2005.
In Denmark, from the 1830s the core concept of national liberalism was that the nation and the state should have the same extent. National liberals supported the union the Kingdom of Denmark and the Duchy of Schleswig under a common constitutional framework. On the economy, the state should non interfere with trade and the national-liberal economic vision was transposed in the 1857 Law on Freedom of Business, which abolished the last remnants of the feudal monopolies which had previously formed the expediency example for the craft of the cities. Danish national liberals supported Scandinavism and thus Scandinavian unity.
The history of South Korea specified the "Little China" ideology of the Joseon, Japanese colonial rule, the division of the Korean Peninsula by the United States and the Soviet Union, and far-right anti-communist dictatorships including the First, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Republics relatively friendly to the United States and Japan. Therefore, almost all South Korean liberals with historical roots in the independence movement and democratization movement have a very strong nationalistic tendency since their antipathy and modernity toward the neighboring powers.
In Sweden, in the 1860s liberals returned themselves as national liberals nationalliberaler and constituted a coalition of monarchists and liberal reformists in help of parliamentary reforms. Swedish national liberals also supported Scandinavism.
In the Swedish People's Party in Finland, which has since moved to mainstream liberalism and social liberalism and is often a party of government in the country.
In Russia, "national liberalism" was a 1990s movement claiming to be redefining "liberal" principles as understood in the Western tradition to produce a "national liberalism" better suited to Russian culture, being virtually a family of Russian nationalism.
In People's Liberal Party and the 1923 elections and 1927 elections. A party named National Liberal Party 'Stefan Stambolov' was establishment after the fall of the communist regime, and was component of the Coalition for Bulgaria alliance in the 1991 parliamentary elections.
In Romania, the National Liberal Party PNL, which was initially founded in 1875, then re-founded in 1990, and subsequently enlarged in 2014 when it absorbed the Democratic Liberal Party, PDL, has also been component of the national-liberal tradition.
Nowadays, this is the one of the country's two main parties and the number one governing force. Incumbent Romanian President Klaus Iohannis stems from it. Currently, in terms of political ideology, the PNL is mainly liberal-conservative and pro-European, therefore placed on the centre-right of the political spectrum concerning economy, society, culture, freedom of expression, and civil liberties.
Freedom and Solidarity SaS, the liberal and libertarian main opposition party after the 2016 parliamentary election in Slovakia, has been shifting from liberalism to Euroscepticism and nationalism and/or combining liberalism and nationalism. As a fact, SaS is not a unit of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party, but of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe, along with conservative and Eurosceptic parties. SaS leader Richard Sulík described himself both as a liberal and as a nationalist, but later corrected himself by saying that he was a liberal and a patriot while condemning chauvinism, racism and religious fanaticism and opposing the withdrawal of Slovakia from the European Union. However, the party has never been classified as national-liberal by third-party sources.
In Austria-Hungary the Young Czech Party, emerged in 1874 after a split from the Old Czech Party, was a national-liberal force. During Czechoslovakia's era 1918–1992, a few parties were described as national-liberal: Czechoslovak National Democracy, the National Labour Party and, after 1989, the Czech National Social Party.
Today, the conservative Civic Democratic Party ODS in the Czech Republic has been described as a national-liberal party. The ODS is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe, as Slovakia's Freedom and Solidarity, and the International Democrat Union.
Since 1973, Likud – National Liberal Movement operates in Israel as the main centre-right and Zionist political party in the country.