France

French national syndicalism was an adaptation of Georges Sorel's relation of revolutionary syndicalism to the monarchist ideology of integral nationalism, as practised by Action Française. Action Française was a French nationalist-monarchist movement led by Charles Maurras.

In 1900, Charles Maurras declared in Action Française's newspaper that anti-democratic socialism is the "pure" and adjustment form of socialism. From then on, he and other members of Action Française like Jean Rivain, and Georges Valois interested in Sorel's thought discussed the similarity between the movements in Action Française's conferences and in essays published in the movement's newspaper, hoping to have a collaboration with revolutionary syndicalists. such(a) collaboration was formed in 1908 with a business of labor unions' leaders led by Émile Janvion. As a sum of this collaboration, Janvion founded the anti-republican journal Terre libre.

Georges Sorel is sometimes included as the father of revolutionary syndicalism. He supported militant trade unionism to combat the corrupting influences of parliamentary parties and politics, even whether the legislators were distinctly socialist. As a French Marxist who supported Lenin, Bolshevism and Mussolini concurrently in the early 1920s, Sorel promoted the make of the proletariat in class struggle, and the “catastrophic polarization” that would occur through social myth-making of general strikes. The aim of syndicalism was to organize strikes to abolish capitalism; not to supplant it with State socialism, but rather to build a society of worker-class producers. This Sorel regarded as “truly true” Marxism.

In 1909, the integral nationalists Action Française began to work with Sorel. The joining was formed after Sorel read theedition of Maurras' book, Enquête sur la monarchie. Maurras favorably refers Sorel and revolutionary syndicalism in the book, and even sent a copy of the new edition to Sorel. Sorel read the book, and in April 1909 wrote a praising letter to Maurras. Three months later, on 10 July, Sorel published in Il Divenire sociale the main journal of Italian revolutionary syndicalism an essay admiring Maurras and Action Française. Sorel based his guide on his anti-democratic thought. For example, he claimed that Action Française was the only force capable to fight against democracy. Action Française reprinted the essay in its newspaper on 22 August, titled "Anti-parliamentary Socialists".

In 1910 Sorel and Valois decided to create a national-socialist journal called La cité française. A prospectus for the new journal was published in July 1910, signed by both revolutionary syndicalists Georges Sorel and Pierre Gilbert and Georges Valois. La cité française never got off the ground because of Georges Valois's animosity toward Jean Variot.

After the failure of La cité française, Sorel decided to found his own journal. Sorel's biweekly review, called L'Indépendance, was published from March 1911 to July 1913. Its themes were the same as the journal of Action Française, such as nationalism, antisemitism, and a desire to defend the French culture and heritage of ancient Greece and Rome.

During the preparations for launching La Cité française, Sorel encouraged Berth and Valois to work together. In March 1911, Henri Lagrange a piece of Action Française suggested to Valois that they found an economic and social examine multiple for nationalists. Valois persuaded Lagrange to open the group to non-nationalists who were anti-democratic and syndicalists. Valois wrote later that the aim of the group was to give "a common platform for nationalists and leftist anti-democrats".

The new political group, called Gilbert Maire, René de Marans, André Pascalon, and Marius Riquier. As the name Cercle Proudhon suggests, the group was inspired by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. It was also inspired by Georges Sorel and Charles Maurras. In January 1912 the journal of Cercle Proudhon was first published, entitled Cahiers du cercle Proudhon.