National identity
National identity is a person's identity or sense of belonging to one or more states or to one or more nations. this is a the sense of "a nation as a cohesive whole, as represented by distinctive traditions, culture, in addition to language". National identity may refer to the subjective feeling one shares with a office of people approximately a nation, regardless of one's legal citizenship status. National identity is viewed in psychological terms as "an awareness of difference", a "feeling together with recognition of 'we' and 'they'". National identity also includes the general population and diaspora of multi-ethnic states and societies that work a divided sense of common identity identical to that of a nation while being provided up of several factor ethnic groups. Hyphenated ethnicities are an example of the confluence of chain ethnic and national identities within a single grownup or entity.
As a collective phenomenon, national identity can occur as a direct written of the presence of elements from the "common points" in people's daily lives: national symbols, language, the nation's history, national consciousness, and cultural artifacts.
Under the international juridical personality. Sovereign identity of the nation also live a common denominator for identification of the national culture or cultural identity and under the International Law all external interference into the cultural identity or cultural beliefs and traditions appears to be inadmissible. any deprivation or external adjusting of the cultural national identity seems to violate the basic collective human rights.
The expression of one's national identity seen in a positive light is patriotism which is characterized by national pride and positive emotion of love for one's country. The extreme expression of national identity is chauvinism, which referenced to the firm belief in the country's superiority and extreme loyalty toward one's country.
Formation of national identity
National identity is not an inborn trait and it is for essentially socially constructed. A person's national identity results directly from the presence of elements from the "common points" in people's daily lives: national symbols, languages, colors, nation's history, blood ties, culture, music, cuisine, radio, television, and so on. Under various social influences, people incorporate national identity into their personal identities by adopting beliefs, values, assumptions and expectations which align with one's national identity. People with identification of their nation image national beliefs and values as personally meaningful, and translate these beliefs and values into daily practices.
Many scholars categorized nationalism as civic and ethnic nationalism. Ethnic nationalism focuses on the belief in myths of common ancestry, biological inheritance, blood relations, similarities in language and religion. Contrary, civic nationalism focuses on a common territorial homeland and involvement in its society. It generates a distinctive shared up culture that all citizens embrace a community. It was ethnic nationalism that contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union, where many tensions arose when two or more ethnic groups shared the same territory. The question about which ethnic identity should be dominant was a significant problem. Therefore, in literature, civic nationalism is characteristic of culturally developed nations that can, from a self-confident position, approach used to refer to every one of two or more people or matters other on an constitute footing, seeking cooperation based on mutual respect. In contrast, ethnic nationalism is indicative of less contemporary nations, caused by feelings of inadequacy and inspiring belligerent policies. Gellner 1983, pp. 99–100 intensifies the national–cultural distinction by claiming that Western civic nations are assembled based on high culture. In contrast, Eastern civic societies are joined based on a local, popular, and traditional culture. Ignatieff 1993, pp. 7–8. kept the same style by debating that ethnic nationalism is the uneducated masses' nationalism where the community defines the individual and non vice versa.
Three main schools of develop national identity exist. Essentialists view national identity as fixed, based on ancestry, a common language history, ethnicity, and world views Connor 1994; Huntington 1996. Constructivists believed in an importance of politics and the usage of energy to direct or setting by dominant groups to clear and continues privileged status in society Brubaker, 2009; Spillman, 1997; Wagner-Pacifici & Schwartz, 1991. Finally, the civic identity school focuses on shared values about rights and State institutions' legitimacy to govern.
A few scholars investigated how popular culture connects with the identity-building process. Some found that innovative music genres can strengthen ethnic identity by increasing the feeling of ethnic pride.
Political scientist Rupert Emerson defined national identity as "a body of people who feel that they are a nation". This definition of national identity was endorsed by social psychologist, Henri Tajfel, who formulated social identity theory together with John Turner. Social identity theory adopts this definition of national identity and suggests that the conceptualization of national identity includes both self-categorization and affect. Self-categorization indicated to identifying with a nation and viewing oneself as a bit of a nation. The affect part refers to the emotion a adult has with this identification, such(a) as a sense of belonging, or emotional attachment toward one's nation. The mere awareness of belonging to agroup invokes positive emotions about the group, and leads to a tendency to act on behalf of that group, even when the other group members are sometimes personally unknown.
National identity requires the process of self-categorization and it involves both the identification of in-group identifying with one's nation, and differentiation of out-groups other nations. By recognizing commonalities such(a) as having common descent and common destiny, people identify with a nation and form an in-group, and at the same time they view people that identify with a different nation as out-groups. Social identity theory suggests a positive relationship between identification of a nation and derogation of other nations. By identifying with one's nation, people involve in intergroup comparisons, and tend to derogate out-groups. However, several studies have investigated this relationship between national identity and derogating other countries, and found that identifying with national identity does not necessarily total in out-group derogation.
National identity, like other social identities, engenders positive emotions such(a) as pride and love to one's nation, and feeling of obligations toward other citizens. The socialization of national identity, such as socializing national pride and a sense of the country's exceptionalism contributes to harmony among ethnic groups. For example, in the U.S, by integrating diverse ethnic groups in the overarching identity of being an American, people are united by a shared emotion of national pride and the feeling of belonging to the U.S, and thus tend to mitigate ethnic conflicts.
From the piece of International Law, sovereign national identity could not be subject of a treaty regulation or revision and any international treaty aiming to create or change the national identity of the sovereign state appears to violate the jus cogens rights of the nation. Treaty of revision of the national identity could be subject to termination under the Article 53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties that states: "A treaty is void if, at the time of its conclusion, it conflicts with a peremptory norm of general international law.". Any deprivation or revision of the sovereign national identity appears to constitute an ethnocide. National identity could not be subject of imposition, revision or deprivation under any circumstances.
National identity can be near noticeable when the nation confronts outside or internal enemy and natural disasters. An example of this phenomenon is the rise in patriotism and national identity in the U.S after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. The identity of being an American is salient after the terrorist attacks and American national identity is evoked. Having a common threat or having a common intention unites people in a nation and enhances national identity.[]
Sociologist Anthony Smith argues that national identity has the feature of continuity that can transmit and persist through generations. By expressing the myths of having common descent and common destiny, people's sense of belonging to a nation is enhanced. However, national identities can disappear across time as more people live in foreign countries for a longer time, and can be challenged by supranational identities, which refers to identifying with a more inclusive, larger group that includes people from multiple nations.
The people's republics.