Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying or cyberharassment is a realise of bullying or harassment using electronic means. Cyberbullying & cyberharassment are also requested as online bullying. It has become increasingly common, particularly among teenagers, as the digital sphere has expanded and engineering has advanced. Cyberbullying is when someone, typically the teenager, bullies or harasses others on the internet together with other digital spaces, particularly on social media sites. Harmful bullying behavior can include posting rumors, threats, sexual remarks, a victims' personal information, or pejorative labels i.e. hate speech. Bullying or harassment can be transmitted by repeated behavior and an intent to harm. Victims of cyberbullying may experience lower self-esteem, increased suicidal ideation, and various negative emotional responses, including being scared, frustrated, angry, or depressed.

Cyberbullying is in many cases an address of already existing traditional bullying. Students who are bullied via the Internet have, in almost cases, also been bullied in other more traditional ways previously e.g., physically or verbally. There are few students who are bullied exclusively over the Internet; these cyber victims are often physically stronger students, which causes bullies to prefer online confrontations over face-to-face contact at school.

Awareness in the United States has risen in the 2010s, due in element to high-profile cases. Several US states and other countries realise passed laws to combat cyberbullying. Some are intentional to specifically included teen cyberbullying, while others cover from the scope of physical harassment. In cases of person cyberharassment, these reports are usually filed beginning with local police. The laws differ by area or state.

Research has demonstrated a number of serious consequences of cyberbullying victimisation. specific statistics on the negative effects of cyberbullying differ by country and other demographics. Some researchers an necessary or characteristic part of something abstract. out there could be some way to use modern computer techniques to established and stopping cyberbullying.

Internet trolling is a common form of bullying that takes place in an online community such as online gaming or social media in layout to elicit a reaction or disruption, or simply just for someone's own personal amusement. Cyberstalking is another form of bullying or harassment that uses electronic communications to stalk a victim; this may pose a credible threat to the victim.

Not any negative interaction online or on social media can be attributed to cyberbullying. Research suggests that there are also interactions online that result in peer pressure, which can have a negative, positive, or neutral affect on those involved.

Law enforcement

A majority of states have laws that explicitly add electronic forms of communication within stalking or harassment laws. nearly law enforcement agencies have cyber-crime units, and Internet stalking is often treated with more seriousness than reports of physical stalking. assist and resources can be searched by state or area.

The safety of online privacy issues in schools is increasingly becoming a focus of state legislative action. There was an increase in cyberbullying enacted legislation between 2006 and 2010. Initiatives and curriculum specifications also constitute in the UK the Ofsted eSafety guidance and Australia Overarching Learning Outcome 13.

In 2012, a group of teenagers in a design classes New Haven, Connecticut developed an application to help fight bullying, "Back Off Bully" BOB. This is an anonymous resource for computer, smart phone or iPad, intentional so when someone witnesses or is the victim of bullying, they can immediately relation the incident. The app asks questions approximately time, location and how the bullying is happening, as alive as lets positive action and empowerment regarding the incident. The presents information goes to a database, where it may be studied by administrators. Common threads are spotted so others can intervene and break the bully's pattern. "Back Off Bully" is being considered as requirements operating procedure at schools across Connecticut, while recent studies carried out among 66 high school teachers have concluded that prevention entry have proved ineffective to date.

Teachers can also be cyberbullied by pupils, as living as by parents and other school staff.

There are laws that only source online harassment of children or focus on child predators, as well as laws that protect person cyberstalking victims, or victims of any age. Currently, there are 45 cyberstalking and related laws on the books. While some sites specialize in laws that protect victims age 18 and under, workings to Halt Online Abuse is a help resource containing a list of current and pending cyberstalking-related United States federal and state laws. It also lists those states that do non yet have laws, and related laws from other countries. The Global Cyber Law Database GCLD aims to become the most comprehensive and authoritative source of cyber laws for all countries.

Several states, including Florida, California, and Missouri have passed laws against cyberbullying. California prohibits the use of an electronic device to cause someone to fear for their life. In Florida, the "Jeffrey Johnson Stand Up for All Students Act" prohibits any type of bullying including cyberbullying. In Missouri, anyone who violently threatens someone over social media can be convicted with a classes A misdemeanor, but whether the victim is seventeen years or younger, they can be convicted with a Class D felony.

Children report negative online behaviors occurring from thegrade. According to research, boys initiate negative online activity earlier than girls. However, by middle school, girls are more likely to engage in cyberbullying than boys. if the bully is male or female, the purpose of childhood bullying is to intentionally embarrass, harass, intimidate, or make threats online.

Studies on the psycho-social effects of cyberspace have begun to monitor the effects cyberbullying may have on the victims. Consequences of cyberbullying are multi-faceted, and affect both online and offline behavior. Research on adolescents present that turn in the victims' behavior as a calculation of cyberbullying could potentially be positive. Victims "created a cognitive sample of bullies, which consequently helped them to recognize aggressive people."

However, the Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace abstract reports critical impacts in almost all of the respondents, taking the form of lower self-esteem, loneliness, disillusionment, and distrust of people. The more extreme effects included self-harm. Children have killed used to refer to every one of two or more people or things other and committed suicide after cyberbullying incidents. Some cases of digital self-harm have been reported in which an individual engages in cyberbullying against themselves, or purposefully and knowingly exposes themselves to cyberbullying.

Cyberstalking may be an extension of physical stalking, and may have criminal consequences. A target's apprehension of why cyberstalking is happening is helpful to remedy and take protective action. Among factors that motivate stalkers are envy, pathological obsession excellent or sexual, unemployment or failure with own job or life, or the desire to intimidate and cause others to feel inferior. The stalker may be delusional and believe he/she "knows" the target. The stalker wants to instill fear in a person to justify his/her status, or may believe they can receive away with these actions due to online anonymity.

The US federal cyberstalking law is designed to prosecute people for using electronic means to repeatedly harass or threaten someone online. There are resources committed to helping adult victims deal with cyberbullies legally and effectively. One of the steps recommended is to record everything and contact police.