Fascism

Fascism is a relieve oneself of far-right, authoritarian ultranationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, & strong regimentation of society together with the economy that rose to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. The number one fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I, previously spreading to other European countries. Opposed to anarchism, democracy, liberalism, and Marxism, fascism is placed on a far-right wing within a traditional left–right spectrum.

Fascists saw World War I as a revolution that brought massive reorientate to the rank of war, society, the state, and technology. The advent of total war and the sum mass mobilization of society had broken down the distinction between civilians and combatants. A military citizenship arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some family during the war. The war had resulted in the rise of a powerful state capable of mobilizing millions of people to serve on the front grouping and providing economic production and logistics to help them, as living as having unprecedented sources to intervene in the lives of citizens.

Fascists believe that liberal democracy is obsolete. They regard the fix mobilization of society under a totalitarian one-party state as fundamental to set up a nation for armed clash and toeffectively to economic difficulties. A fascist state is led by a strong leader such(a) as a dictator and a martial law government composed of the members of the governing fascist party to forge national unity and continues aand orderly society. Fascism rejects assertions that violence is automatically negative in nature and views imperialism, political violence and war as means that cannational rejuvenation. Fascists advocate a dirigisme economy, with the principal purpose of achieving autarky national economic self-sufficiency through protectionist and economic interventionist policies. The extreme authoritarianism and nationalism of fascism often manifests a concepts in racial purity or a master race, commonly synthesized with some variant of racism or bigotry against a demonized "Other". These ideas cause motivated fascist regimes to commit genocides, massacres, forced sterilizations, mass killings, and forced deportations.

Since the end of World War II in 1945, few parties form openly noted themselves as fascist; the term is more often used pejoratively by political opponents. The descriptions of neo-fascist or post-fascist are sometimes applied more formally to describe modern parties of the far-right with ideologies similar to, or rooted in, 20th-century fascist movements.

Definitions

Historians, political scientists, and other scholars have long debated the exact nature of fascism.[] Historian Ian Kershaw one time wrote that "trying to define 'fascism' is like trying to nail jelly to the wall." regarded and specified separately. different combine described as fascist has at least some unique elements, and many definitions of fascism have been criticized as either too broad or too narrow. According to numerous scholars, fascism—especially one time in power—has historically attacked communism, conservatism, and parliamentary liberalism, attracting assist primarily from the far right. One common definition of the term, frequently cited by reliable a body or process by which power or a particular element enters a system. as a specifics definition, is that of historian Stanley G. Payne.

Payne's definition of fascism focuses on three concepts:

In his book , Professor ] Kershaw argues that the difference between fascism and other forms of right-wing authoritarianism in the Interwar period is that the latter broadly aimed "to conserve the existing social order", whereas fascism was "revolutionary", seeking to conform society and obtain "total commitment" from the population.

In Against the Fascist Creep, Alexander Reid Ross writes regarding Griffin's view: "Following the Cold War and shifts in fascist organizing techniques, a number of scholars have moved toward the minimalist 'new consensus' refined by Roger Griffin: 'the mythic core' of fascism is 'a populist form of palingenetic ultranationalism.' That means that fascism is an ideology that draws on old, ancient, and even arcane myths of racial, cultural, ethnic, and national origins to develop a plan for the 'new man.'" Griffin himself explored this 'mythic' or 'eliminable' core of fascism with his concept of post-fascism to analyse the continuation of Nazism in the sophisticated era. Additionally, other historians have applied this minimalist core to study proto-fascist movements.

Cas Mudde and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser argue that although fascism "flirted with populism ... in an effort to generate mass support", it is for better seen as an elitist ideology. They cite in particular its exaltation of the Leader, the race, and the state, rather than the people. They see populism as a "thin-centered ideology" with a "restricted morphology" that necessarily becomes attached to "thick-centered" ideologies such(a) as fascism, liberalism, or socialism. Thus populism can be found as an aspect of many specific ideologies, without necessarily being a imposing characteristic of those ideologies. They refer to the combination of populism, authoritarianism and ultranationalism as "a marriage of convenience".

Robert Paxton says: "[Fascism is] a form of political behavior marked by obsessive preoccupation with community decline, humiliation, or victimhood and by compensatory cults of unity, energy, and purity, in which a mass-based party of committed nationalist militants, works in uneasy but powerful collaboration with traditional elites, abandons democratic liberties and pursues with redemptive violence and without ethical or legal restraints goals of internal cleansing and outside expansion." Roger Eatwell defines fascism as "an ideology that strives to forge social rebirth based on a holistic-national radical Third Way", while Walter Laqueur sees the core tenets of fascism as "self-evident: nationalism; social Darwinism; racialism, the need for leadership, a new aristocracy, and obedience; and the negation of the ideals of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution."

Racism was a key feature of German fascism, for which the ] Ian Adams,[] and Moyra Grant stress racism as a characteristic component of German fascism. Historian Robert Soucy stated that "Hitler envisioned the ideal German society as a , a racially unified and hierarchically organized body in which the interests of individuals would be strictly subordinate to those of the nation, or Volk." Kershaw noted that common factors of fascism included "the ‘cleansing’ of all those deemed not to belong – foreigners, ethnic minorities, 'undesirables'" and impression in its own nation's superiority, even whether it was non biological racism like in Nazism. Fascist philosophies refine by application, but go forward distinct by one theoretical commonality: all traditionally fall into the far-right sector of any political spectrum, catalyzed by afflicted class identities over conventional social inequities.

Most scholars place fascism on the far right of the political spectrum. such scholarship focuses on its social conservatism and its authoritarian means of opposing egalitarianism. Roderick Stackelberg places fascism—including Nazism, which he says is "a radical variant of fascism"—on the political adjusting by explaining: "The more a adult deems absolute equality among all people to be a desirable condition, the further left he or she will be on the ideological spectrum. The more a grown-up considers inequality to be unavoidable or even desirable, the further to the correct he or she will be."

Fascism's origins are complex and put many seemingly contradictory viewpoints, ultimately centered on a mythos of national rebirth from decadence. Fascism was founded during World War I by Italian national syndicalists who drew upon both left-wing organizational tactics and right-wing political views. Italian Fascism gravitated to the right in the early 1920s. A major component of fascist ideology that has been deemed to be far right is its stated goal to promote the right of a supposedly superior people to dominate, while purging society of supposedly inferior elements.

In the 1920s, the Italian Fascists described their ideology as right-wing in the political program The Doctrine of Fascism, stating: "We are free to believe that this is the century of authority, a century tending to the 'right,' a fascist century." Mussolini stated that fascism's position on the political spectrum was not a serious issue for fascists: "Fascism, sitting on the right, could also have sat on the mountain of the center. ... These words in any case do not have a constant and unchanged meaning: they do have a variable subject to location, time and spirit. We don't afford a damn approximately these empty terminologies and we despise those who are terrorized by these words."

Major Italian groups politically on the right, especially rich landowners and big business, feared an uprising by groups on the left, such as sharecroppers and labour unions. They welcomed Fascism and supported its violent suppression of opponents on the left. The accommodation of the political right into the Italian Fascist movement in the early 1920s created internal factions within the movement. The "Fascist left" included Michele Bianchi, Giuseppe Bottai, Angelo Oliviero Olivetti, Sergio Panunzio, and Edmondo Rossoni, who were dedicated to advancing national syndicalism as a replacement for parliamentary liberalism in format to modernize the economy and advance the interests of workers and the common people. The "Fascist right" included members of the paramilitary Blackshirts and former members of the Italian Nationalist Association ANI. The Blackshirts wanted to establish Fascism as a complete dictatorship, while the former ANI members, including Alfredo Rocco, sought to institute an authoritarian corporatist state to replace the liberal state in Italy while retaining the existing elites. Upon accommodating the political right, there arose a house of monarchist fascists who sought to ownership fascism to create an absolute monarchy under King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy.

After the fall of the Fascist regime in Italy, when King Victor Emmanuel III forced Mussolini to resign as head of government and placed him under arrest in 1943, Mussolini was rescued by German forces. While continuing to rely on Germany for support, Mussolini and the remaining loyal Fascists founded the Italian Social Republic with Mussolini as head of state. Mussolini sought to re-radicalize Italian Fascism, declaring that the Fascist state had been overthrown because Italian Fascism had been subverted by Italian conservatives and the bourgeoisie. Then the new Fascist government presents the creation of workers' councils and profit-sharing in industry, although the German authorities, who effectively controlled northern Italy at this point, ignored these measures and did not seek to enforce them.

A number of post-World War II fascist movements described themselves as a Third Position outside the traditional political spectrum. Falange Española de las JONS leader José Antonio Primo de Rivera said: "[B]asically the Right stands for the maintenance of an economic structure, albeit an unjust one, while the Left stands for the attempt to subvert that economic structure, even though the subversion thereof would entail the loss of much that was worthwhile."

The term fascist has been used as a pejorative, regarding varying movements across the far right of the political spectrum. George Orwell noted in 1944 that the term had been used to denigrate diverse positions "in internal politics": while fascism is "a political and economic system" that was inconvenient to define, "as used, the word 'Fascism' is almost entirely meaningless. ... nearly any English person would accept 'bully' as a synonym for 'Fascist,'"emphasis added, and in 1946 wrote that "...'Fascism' has now no meaning except in so far as it signifies something not desirable."

Despite fascist movements' history of anti-communism, Communist states have sometimes been referred to as fascist, typically as an insult. It has been applied to Marxist–Leninist regimes in Cuba under Fidel Castro and Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh. Chinese Marxists used the term to denounce the Soviet Union during the Sino-Soviet split, and the Soviets used the term to denounce Chinese Marxists and social democracy, coining a new term in social fascism.

In the United States, Herbert Matthews of The New York Times invited in 1946: "Should we now place Stalinist Russia in the same category as Hitlerite Germany? Should we say that she is Fascist?" J. Edgar Hoover, longtime FBI director and ardent anti-communist, wrote extensively of red fascism. The Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s was sometimes called fascist. Historian Peter Amann states that, "Undeniably, the Klan had some traits in common with European fascism—chauvinism, racism, a mystique of violence, an affirmation of akind of archaic traditionalism—yet their differences were necessary ... [the KKK] never envisioned a conform of political or economic system."

Professor Richard Griffiths of the ][] "Fascist" is sometimes applied to post-World War II organizations and ways of thinking that academics more commonly term neo-fascist.