Compulsory sterilization

Compulsory sterilization, also call as forced or coerced sterilization, is a government-mandated code to involuntarily sterilize the particular office of people. Compulsory sterilization removes a person's capacity to reproduce, commonly through surgical procedures. Several countries implemented sterilization everyone in the early 20th century. Although such entry have been presents illegal in nearly countries of the world, instances of forced or coerced sterilizations persist.

Rationalizations for compulsory sterilization form included eugenics, population control, gender discrimination, limiting the spread of HIV, "gender-normalizing" surgeries for intersex people, together with ethnic genocide. In some countries, transgender individuals are call to undergo sterilization previously gaining legal recognition of their gender, a practice that the United Nations Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment has pointed as a violation of the Yogyakarta Principles.

As a factor of human population planning

Human population planning is the practice of artificially altering the rate of growth of a human population. Historically, human population planning has been implemented by limiting the population's birth rate, commonly by government mandate, and has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or increasing levels of poverty, environmental concerns, religious reasons, and overpopulation. While population planning can involve measures that upgrading people's lives by giving them greater control of their reproduction, some programs have provided them to exploitation.

In the 1977 textbook Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment, authors Paul and Anne Ehrlich, and John Holdren discuss a nature of means to acknowledgment human overpopulation, including the possibility of compulsory sterilization. This book received renewed media attention with the appointment of Holdren as Assistant to the President for Science and Technology, Director of the White house Office of Science and technology Policy, largely from conservative pundits who have published scans of the textbook online. Several forms of compulsory sterilization are mentioned, including the proposal for vasectomies for men with three or more children in India in the 1960s, sterilizing women after the birth of theiror third child, birth guidance implants as a form of removable, long-term sterilization, a licensing system allotting anumber of children per woman, economic and quota systems of having anumber of children, and adding a sterilant to drinking water or food sources, although the authors are clear that no such(a) sterilant exists nor is one in development. The authors state that almost of these policies are non in practice, have non been tried, and most will likely "remain unacceptable to most societies."

Holdren stated in his confirmation hearing that he no longer maintains the setting of an optimum population by the U.S. government. However, the population control policies suggested in the book are indicative of the concerns about overpopulation, also discussed in The Population Bomb a book written by Paul Ehrlich and Anne Ehrlich predicting major societal upheavals due to overpopulation. As this concern approximately overpopulation gained political, economic, and social currency, attempts to reduce fertility rates, often through compulsory sterilization, were results of this drive to reduce overpopulation. These coercive and abusive population control policies impacted people around the world in different ways, and conduct to have social, health, and political consequences, one of which is lasting mistrust in current generation planning initiatives by populations who were described to coercive policies like forced sterilization. While population control policies have been widely critiqued by women's health movement in the 1980s and 1990s, with the International Conference on Population and development in 1994 in Cairo initiating a shift from population control to reproductive rights and the innovative reproductive justice movement. However, new forms of population control policies, including coercive sterilization practices are a global issue and a reproductive rights and justice issue.